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Soto (food)

Soto is a traditional Indonesian soup mainly composed of broth, meat, and vegetables. Many traditional soups are called soto, whereas foreign- and Western-influenced soups are called sop.

History
In the Indonesian archipelago, soto is known by different names. In the local Javanese dialect, it is called soto, and the dish also reached Makassar where it is called coto. Soto is found to be most prevalent in Java, and suggested that the hearty soup was originated from that island, and over the years this dish branched off in an assorted array of soto varieties. Although soto was undoubtedly developed in the Indonesian archipelago and each region has developed its own distinctive soto recipes, some historians suggest that it was probably influenced by foreign culinary tradition, especially Hokkien Chinese or Stoof (Dutch for stew). Denys Lombard in his book Le Carrefour Javanais suggested that the origin of soto was a Hokkien Chinese soup, caudo (), popular in Semarang among Chinese immigrants during colonial VOC era, circa 17th century. Another scholar suggests that it was more likely a mixture of cooking traditions in the region, namely Chinese, Indian, and native Indonesian cuisine. There are traces of Chinese influence such as the use of bihun (rice vermicelli) and the preference for fried garlic as a condiment, while the use of turmeric suggests Indian influence. Another example is soto betawi from Jakarta uses minyak samin (ghee), which indicates Arab or Muslim Indian influences. Another historian suggest that some soto recipe reflects the past condition of its people. Soto tangkar, which today is a meat soup, was mostly made from the broth of goat rib-cage bones (Betawi: tangkar) in the past because meat was expensive, or the common population of Batavia were too poor to afford some meat back then. Soto recipes has been highly localized according to local tradition and available ingredients, for example in Hindu-majority island of Bali, soto babi (pork soto) can be found, since Hindu Balinese prefer pork while beef is seldom consumed, they also do not share Indonesian Muslim halal dietary law that forbids the consumption of pork. The meat soup dish influenced various regions and each developed its own recipes, with the ingredients being highly localized according to available ingredients and local cooking traditions. As a result, rich variants of soto were developed across Indonesia. In 2018, soto was officially recognised by the Indonesian government as one of the country's five national dishes: the others are nasi goreng, sate, rendang, and gado-gado. ==Varieties==
Varieties
The spread of soto in Indonesian archipelago was followed by the localization of Soto's recipe, according to available ingredients and distinctive local taste. • Soto Bangkalan or soto mera – a soto with red colour broth. It consists of beef and the intestine, and fried peanuts. It is served with slices of lontong rice cake, sprinkled with scallions and fried shallots. • Soto Banjar – spiced with star anise, clove, cassia and lemongrass, and sour hot sambal, served with potato cakes. • Soto Banyumas, sroto Banyumas or sroto Sokaraja – made special by its peanut sambal, usually eaten with ketupat. • Soto Banyuwangi or rujak soto – a beef soto with beef tripe, vegetables, peanut sauce, and beef broth. • Soto Betawi – made of beef or beef offal, cooked in a cow milk or coconut milk broth, with fried potato and tomato. • Soto Bogor known as soto kuning – a beef soto served with additional tomato slices, fried potato, emping crackers, sambal, and lime juice. The beef in soto may be replaced with ayam goreng. • Soto Boyolali or soto seger – a beef or chicken soto with clear soup and various side dishes. • Soto Gombong – a chicken soto with gethuk. • Soto Kediri – a chicken soto in coconut milk. • Soto Kudus – made with chicken or water buffalo meat due to local taboos of the consumption of beef. • Soto Lamongan – a popular street food in various Indonesian metropolitan areas, a variation of the Madura soto. The dish uses koya as a condiment that is made from finely ground prawn crackers. • Soto Medan – a chicken/pork/beef/prawn/innards soto with added coconut milk and served with potato croquette (perkedel). The meat pieces are fried before being served or mixed. The spice is similar to soto Betawi with addition of cardamom. • Soto Padang – a beef broth soto with slices of fried beef, bihun (rice vermicelli), and perkedel kentang (fried mashed potato). • Soto Pati or soto kemiri – free-range chicken soto with coconut milk soup and candlenut spices. • Soto Pekalongan or tauto Pekalongan – spiced with tauco (a fermented miso-like bean paste). • Soto Petanahan or soto kored in Kebumen Regency – a chicken soto made of ketupat, free-range chicken, bean sprouts, and peanut-based soup. • Soto Semarang – a chicken soto spiced with candlenut, mixed with rice, perkedel, tempe, and often eaten with sate kerang (cockles on a stick) or tripes and quail eggs. One of the pioneers of Soto Semarang is Soto Bangkong, named after Bangkong crossroad in Semarang. • Soto Solo also known as soto kwali – in Javanese and Indonesian language kwali or kuali means "cauldron". This beef brisket soto in clear beef broth soup served with beansprouts, celery and bawang goreng. • Soto Sumedang or soto bongko – a soto consists of bongko (rice cake), tofu, chayote, and bean sprouts in a coconut milk soup. • Soto Tamanwinangun in Kebumen Regency – a duck soto in peanut-based broth. • Soto Tegal or Sauto Tegal – almost same with Pekalongan soto spiced with tauco (a fermented miso-like bean paste). Sauto can be chicken soto, beef soto, or even beef offal. • Soto Ungaran or soto gudangan Ungaran – a beef soto rice with veggies and grated coconut. By primary ingredient with clear yellow broth, garnished with emping'' crackers and fried shallot Other sotos are named based upon their chief ingredient: • Soto ayam – chicken in a yellow spicy broth with lontong, nasi empit, ketupat (rice compressed by cooking wrapped tightly in a leaf, then sliced into small cakes), or vermicelli, commonly found in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Some versions are prepared with cellophane noodles., boiled eggs, lime juice and beansprouts • Soto babat – a cow's or goat's tripe, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with vermicelli, potato, and vegetables, usually eaten with rice. It is commonly found throughout Indonesia. • Soto babi – a pork soto from Hindu majority Bali island. • Soto bebek – a duck soto, specialty of Klaten, Central Java. • Soto buntut – beef oxtail soto in Surabaya, East Java. • Soto ceker – a chicken foot soto, served in rather clear yellowish spicy broth soup, which uses spices including shallot, garlic, lemongrass, and turmeric that add the yellowish colour, served with of cabbage, celery, rice noodles, and garnished to taste with sambal, lime and soy. Soto ceker is one of the popular street food in Jakarta, Bali, and most of major cities in Java. In street side warung or humble restaurants, soto ceker is usually offered as a variation of soto ayam. • Soto garing – a soto served without broth. As a substitute for broth, this soto is doused with soy sauce. This soto can be found in Klaten, Central Java. • Soto kaki () – made of beef cow's trotters; tendon and cartilage taken from cow's feet, served in yellow spicy coconut milk soup with vermicelli, potato, vegetables, and krupuk, commonly eaten with rice. It is a Betawi food and can be found in Jakarta, Indonesia. • Soto kambing – goat meat soto, a common dish in Randudongkal district of Pemalang Regency. • Soto kemangilemon basil soto. • Soto kerbau – made of water buffalo meat instead of beef, specialty of Kudus regency, Central Java. and Situbondo. • Soto lenthok – a specialty of Yogyakarta which is chicken soto served with lenthok or fried mashed cassava akin to potato perkedel. • Soto mi (spelled mee soto in Singapore and Malaysia) – a yellow spicy beef or chicken broth soup with noodles, commonly found in Indonesia, Singapore, and Malaysia. Bogor, Indonesia, is famous for its soto mi made with beef broth, kikil (cow's cartilage), noodles, and sliced risoles spring rolls. • Soto ranjau or also known as soto tulang – chicken soto served with its bones. Ranjau in Indonesian means landmine, which actually refer to chicken bones. Usually soto are served with shredded boneless chicken meat. Soto ranjau however, is served as soup of chicken bones with some pieces of remaining meats, cartilage and skin. • Soto sapi or called soto daging – beef soto. • Soto tahu – tofu soto, a dish from Yogyakarta. • Soto tangkar – also Betawi specialty soto made of chopped goat or beef ribs (Betawi:tangkar) and beef brisket cooked in coconut milk soup spiced with turmeric, garlic, shallot, chili, pepper, candlenut, cumin, galangal, coriander, cinnamon, Indonesian bay leaf (daun salam), and kaffir lime leaf. • Soto udang – use shrimps and coconut milk soup. ==Accompaniments==
Accompaniments
, chicken soto with cockles and tripes satay, fried tempeh, and perkedel The following accompaniments are often eaten alongside soto: • Stewed quail eggs or chicken eggs • Cockles on a stick (sate kerang) • Skewered grilled tripes (sate babat) • Skewered grilled chicken giblets, such as intestine, gizzard, and liver satay (sate ati ampela dan usus) • Fried chicken giblets • Prawn crackers, sometimes crushed and mixed with crushed fried garlic as koya in Madura or Lamongan soto • Gnetum seed crackers (emping) • Fried tofu or tempeh • Mashed potato patties (perkedel) • Mung bean sprouts (tauge/kecambah) • Hot chili sauce (sambal) • Sweet soy sauce • Fried shallot (bawang goreng) • Spicy fried grated coconut (serundeng) • Crackers (krupuk) • Lime juice, sometimes replaced with vinegarPotato chips (Keripik kentang) • Cabbage ==Ingredients==
Ingredients
The meats that are most commonly used are chicken and beef, but there are also variations with offal, mutton, and water buffalo meat. Pork is seldom used in traditional Indonesian soto; however, in Hindu majority Bali, soto babi (pork soto) can be found. The soup is usually accompanied by rice or compressed rice cakes (lontong, ketupat or burasa). Offal is considered as a delicacy: the rumen (blanket/flat/smooth tripe), reticulum (honeycomb and pocket tripe), omasum (book/bible/leaf tripe), and the intestines are all eaten. Other ingredients of soto include soun alternatively spelled as sohun or bihun (rice vermicelli), mung bean sprouts and scallion. Common soto spices include shallots, garlic, turmeric, galangal, ginger, coriander, salt, candlenut, and pepper. The colour, thickness and consistency of soto soup could vary according to each recipes. Soto can have a light and clear broth just like soto bandung, a yellow transparent broth (coloured with turmeric) like the one that can be found in soto ayam, or a rich and thick coconut milk or milk broth just like those in soto kaki or soto betawi. Soto in Malaysia and Singapore has a certain expected clear-soup look made of chicken broth, with spicy taste mixed with rice cubes. It seems that soto served there derived from common soto ayam type with a clear and slightly yellow-coloured broth, pretty much similar to East Javanese soto lamongan or soto madura. Like many dishes, it may have been brought into the country by the many Javanese migrants in the early 20th century. ==Gallery==
Gallery
File:Soto Ayam home-made.JPG|Soto ayam, chicken soto in soup with turmeric and spices File:Soto sapi Pak Marto Yogyakarta.JPG|Soto sapi, beef soto from Yogyakarta File:Sate ayam Soto Ambengan set menu.JPG|Soto ambengan File:Soto Babat 1.jpg|Soto babat, tripe soto File:Soto kikil Bondowoso.jpg|Soto kikil, skin and ligament soto File:Soto Babi Bali 1.JPG|Soto babi, pork soto, a specialty of Balinese cuisine File:Soto Ceker 1.jpg|Soto ceker, chicken feet soto File:Soto Bandung.jpg|Soto Bandung, beef in clear broth with white radish and fried soy nuts File:Soto Betawi (brighter).jpg|Soto Betawi from Jakarta File:Soto Kaki Mencos Betawi.JPG|Soto kaki mencos (cow's foot tendons soto), a Betawi specialty File:Makanan Soto Tangkar Khas Bogor Di Kebumen.jpg|Soto tangkar with rice File:Soto kemiri.jpg|Soto kemiri spiced with candlenut File:Soto Kudus.jpg|Soto Kudus, a type of chicken soto File:Sauto di Tegal.jpg|Sauto Tegal, chicken soto File:Soto Pekalongan.jpg|Tauto Pekalongan File:Sroto Sokaraja.JPG|Sroto Sokaraja, Banyumas File:Soto Madura Daging.JPG|Soto Madura with egg File:Soto Lamongan.jpg|Soto Lamongan File:Soto Kediri.JPG|Soto Kediri File:Soto Padang 2.JPG|Soto Padang, beef soto File:Soto Medan.jpg|Soto Medan File:Soto Banjar.JPG|Soto Banjar File:Coto Makassar-dish.JPG|Coto Makassar, beef soto File:Soto kaki kambing.JPG|Soto kambing, goat soto File:Soto Mie Bogor 2.JPG|Soto mie Bogor, noodle soup dish File:Soto kemangi.jpg|Soto kemangi File:A complete serving of soto for breakfast in Yogyakarta (3).jpg|A complete soto dish is usually served for breakfast in Yogyakarta and its surroundings ==See also==
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