Southern Airways Flight 932

The aircraft was a 95-seat, twin-jet engine Douglas DC-9-30 with tail registration N97S. The airliner's crew was Captain Frank Abbott (47), First Officer Jerry Smith (28), plus two flight attendants. All were qualified for the flight. This was the only flight that year for the Marshall University football team. ==Events leading to the crash==

At the time, Marshall's athletic teams rarely traveled by plane, since most away games were within easy driving distance of the campus. In light of the crash of the Wichita State football team just over a month earlier, school officials originally planned to cancel the flight. Instead, they opted to fly on a different plane than the one which crashed in Colorado (a Martin 4–0–4), and chartered the Southern Airways DC-9. The original proposal to charter the flight was refused because it would exceed the takeoff limitations of their aircraft. The subsequent negotiations resulted in a reduction of the weight of passengers and baggage and the charter flight was scheduled. The airliner left Stallings Field at Kinston, North Carolina, and the flight proceeded to Huntington without incident. The crew established radio contact with air traffic controllers at 7:23 pm with instructions to descend to . ==Accident==

The controllers advised the crew that "rain, fog, smoke and a ragged ceiling" were at the airport, making landing more difficult, but possible. At 7:34 pm, the airliner's crew reported passing Tri-State Airport's outer marker. The controller gave them clearance to land. The aircraft began its normal descent after passing the outer marker, but did not arrest its descent and hold altitude at , as required by the assigned instrument approach procedure. Instead, the descent continued for another for unknown reasons, apparently without either crew member actually seeing the airport lights or runway. In the transcript of their cockpit communications in the final minutes, the pilots briefly debated that their autopilot had captured the glide slope, although the airport was not equipped with a glide slope. The report also noted that the aircraft approached the Catlettsburg Refinery in the final 30 seconds before impact, which "could have ... affected ... a visual illusion produced by the difference in the elevation of the refinery and the airport," which was nearly higher than the refinery, with hills in between. The co-pilot, monitoring the altimeter, called out, "It's beginning to lighten up a little bit on the ground here at... seven hundred feet... We're two hundred above [approach minimums]," and the charter coordinator, present in the cockpit, replied, "Bet it'll be a missed approach." The flight data recorder shows that the aircraft descended another within 12 seconds, and the co-pilot calls out "four hundred" and agrees with the pilot they are on the correct approach. In the next second, though, the co-pilot quickly calls out "hundred and twenty-six ... hundred", and the sounds of impact immediately follow. The airliner collided with the tops of trees on a hillside short of runway 11 (now runway 12). The plane burst into flames and created a swath of charred ground wide and long. According to the official National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) report, the accident was "unsurvivable". The aircraft "dipped to the right, almost inverted, and had crashed into a hollow 'nose-first' ". By the time the plane came to a stop, it was short of the runway and south of the middle marker. Although the airport runway has since been lengthened past its original threshold, making historical measurements more difficult, the NTSB official report provides, "the accident occurred during hours of darkness at 38° 22' 27" N. latitude and 82° 34' 42" W. longitude." The report additionally notes, "Most of the fuselage was melted or reduced to a powder-like substance; however, several large pieces were scattered throughout the burned area." The remains of six passengers were never identified. ==Investigation==

The NTSB investigated the accident and its final report was issued on April 14, 1972. In the report, the NTSB concluded, "the probable cause of this accident was the descent below Minimum Descent Altitude during a nonprecision approach under adverse operating conditions, without visual contact with the runway environment." They further stated, "The Board has been unable to determine the reason for this [greater] descent, although the two most likely explanations are (a) improper use of cockpit instrumentation data, or (b) an altimetry system error." The board made three recommendations as a result of this accident, including recommendations for heads-up displays, ground proximity warning devices, and surveillance and inspection of flight operations. ==Subsequent events at Marshall==

On November 15, 1970, a memorial service was held at the indoor, 8,500-seat Veterans Memorial Fieldhouse with moments of silence, remembrances, and prayers. The effects of the crash on Huntington went far beyond the Marshall campus. Because it was the Herd's only charter flight of the season, boosters and prominent citizens were on the plane, including a city councilman, a state legislator, and four physicians. Seventy children had at least one parent die in the crash, with 18 of them left orphaned. On St. Patrick's Day, 1971, College of Wooster football coach Jack Lengyel was introduced as Marshall's new head coach. Lengyel said he immediately felt a connection to Marshall when he heard about the crash. In the following weeks, Lengyel's effort to rebuild the team was aided by receivers' coach Red Dawson. Dawson was a coach from the previous staff who had driven back from the East Carolina game along with Gail Parker, a freshman coach. Parker flew to the game, but did not fly back, having switched places with Deke Brackett, another coach. Dawson and Parker were buying boiled peanuts at a country store in rural Virginia when they heard the news over the radio. Before the trip, they were scheduled to go on a recruiting mission to Ferrum College after the ECU–Marshall game, in an ultimately unsuccessful effort to recruit junior college linebacker Billy Joe Mantooth. After the crash, Red Dawson helped bring together a group of players who were on the junior varsity football team during the 1970 season, as well as students and athletes from other sports, to form a 1971 football team. Marshall approached Penn State assistant Bob Phillips first about the position but he declined. Dick Bestwick, an assistant at Georgia Tech, was approached and accepted the position on February 28 before backing out days later to return back to Tech. Lengyel was hired to take Tolley's place on March 11, 1971. Lengyel, who came from a coaching job at the College of Wooster, was hired by the recently hired athletic director Joe McMullen, under whom he had previously worked at the University of Akron in the 1950s. The Marshall University football team won only two games during the 1971 season, against Xavier and Bowling Green. Memorials in Huntington, West Virginia to honor the victims of the 1970 plane crash Marshall University acting President Donald Dedmon appointed a memorial committee soon after the crash. The committee decided upon one major memorial within the campus, a plaque and memorial garden at Fairfield Stadium, and a granite cenotaph at the Spring Hill Cemetery; the new Memorial Student Center was named as a memorial as well. On November 12, 1972, the Marshall University Memorial Fountain was dedicated at the entrance of the Memorial Student Center. A number of the victims are buried in a grave site in the Spring Hill Cemetery in Huntington. Between the cemetery and Marshall's Joan C. Edwards Stadium, 20th Street was renamed Marshall Memorial Boulevard in honor of the crash victims. On November 11, 2000, the "We Are Marshall" Memorial Bronze was dedicated. The $150,000 bronze 17×23 ft (5×7 m) statue was created by artist Burl Jones of Sissonville, West Virginia, based upon ideas by John and Ann Krieger of Huntington. It was funded by Marshall fans and is attached to Joan C. Edwards Stadium on the west façade. It was unveiled to thousands, 90 minutes before the game with the Miami University RedHawks. On December 11, 2006, a memorial plaque was dedicated at the plane crash site. The ceremony featured Dawson and Hardin as guest speakers. The Ceredo and Kenova fire departments were recognized at the event. The memorial plaque reads (with inaccurate numbers): Another plaque memorializing the 1970 Marshall football team was unveiled at East Carolina University on the same day and can be seen at the guest team entrance of Dowdy–Ficklen Stadium. Featured speakers were Chancellor Steve Ballard, Athletic Director Terry Holland, Pirates' broadcaster Jeff Charles, and Marshall president Stephen J. Kopp. A memorial bell tower was planned for a location on WV 75 near exit 1 along Interstate 64. The tribute was repeated for the rest of the season, including when Marshall met Rice in the 2013 Conference USA Football Championship Game. Marshall was scheduled to commemorate the 50th anniversary of the air disaster in their football season opener on August 29, 2020. The opponent was scheduled to be East Carolina, the same team that defeated Marshall before the disaster took place. The anniversary game did not occur due to the COVID-19 pandemic. During halftime of the 2023 East Carolina–Marshall game, the 1970 ECU Pirates team presented a signed memorial football to Red Dawson and Keith Morehouse, son of Marshall announcer Gene Morehouse, who was killed in the crash. == In film and television ==

Film • In Tim Burton's 1988 supernatural-horror comedy film Beetlejuice, numerous members of the Marshall University football team are depicted as green-skinned men with various burns and skin abrasions, are dressed in American football uniforms (though in a different striped color from the official Marshall team's uniform), and make an appearance in the afterlife offices. Still not realizing they are dead, they confuse the Maitland's afterlife case worker Juno (Sylvia Sidney) for their coach. They also make another appearance again at the ending of the film in which they are seen in transparent form while dancing on the staircase behind Lydia Deetz (Winona Ryder) to calypso music as the ending credits appear. • Marshall University: Ashes to Glory, a documentary by Deborah Novak and John Witek, was released on November 18, 2000, and is about the crash and the subsequent recovery of the Marshall football program in the decades following. • We Are Marshall, a film dramatizing the crash and its repercussions, premiered on December 12, 2006, in Huntington. It starred Matthew McConaughey as Jack Lengyel and Matthew Fox as Red Dawson. Television The events of the crash are documented in an episode of Aircrash Confidential titled "Disastrous Descents". ==See also==