Spanish-style bullfighting

, 1816 Pre-Roman Most historians trace festivities involving bulls to prehistoric times, as a trend that once extended through the entire Mediterranean coast and has just survived in Iberia and part of France. Alejandro Recio, a Spanish historian, considers the Neolithic city of Konya, Turkey, discovered by James Mellaart in 1958, as evidence of sacrificial tauromaquia associated with traditional rituals. This claim is based on the abundance of representations of bulls, as well as on the preservation of horns and bullheads attached to walls. Roman Bullrings are believed to originate their bullfighting tradition from Roman gladiator games. During Roman Hispania gladiators were forced to fight animals by sword, such as bulls, bears, and wolves. Spanish According to Frommer's Travel Guide, bullfighting in Spain traces its origins to 711 AD, with the first official bullfight, or corrida de toros, being held in honor of the coronation of King Alfonso VIII. Once part of the Roman Empire, Spain owes its bullfighting tradition in part to gladiator games. At first, bullfighting was done on horseback and was reserved for Spanish aristocracy. Arab prohibition During the Arab rule of Iberia, the ruling class tried to ban the practice of bullfighting, considering it a pagan celebration and heresy. Bullfighting was illegal in all Arab territory but became a mark of identity and resistance for Christian Iberians, especially for the nobility that started using it as a way to gain prestige. At first, bullfighting was done on horseback and was reserved for Spanish aristocracy; in contests the "fighters" were referred to as rejoneadores. Anyone who would sponsor, watch or participate in a bullfight was to be excommunicated by the Church. Pope Gregory advised bullfighters to not use the sport as way to honor Jesus Christ or the Saints, as was typical in Spain and Portugal. The change in bullfighting standards ran parallel to the discontent of the foreign rule of the Bourbons, and their lack of interest in understanding the politics, economics or culture of their new kingdom culminated in the Esquilache Riots of 1766. New forms of bullfighting continued to develop as decrees against the activity proved largely ineffective. He attempted to reduce the social tension by building two of the eldest and largest bullfighting rings in Madrid as part of an offensive to fix the resentment some nobles and other powerful groups held towards the Crown's authority and actions. He established the "cuadrillas tradition" where teams of two or three banderilleros and two picadores taunt the bull. He also organized the tercios de lidia ("thirds of fight") borrowed from the theatre; invented the Veronica and other basic cape movements as well as the current traje de luces ("suit of light"); and created the cape maneuvers (muleta), typical in this style of bullfighting since the 19th century. == Participants ==

Each matador has six assistants: two picadores ("lancers") mounted on horseback, three banderilleros ("flagmen"), and a mozo de espada ("lad of the swords"). Collectively they compose a cuadrilla or team of bullfighters. The crew also includes an ayuda (aide to sword servant) and subalternos (subordinates) including at least two peones (pages, singular peón). == Parts of a bullfight ==

) waved in front of the bull, 2005|alt= The modern Spanish-style bullfight (, "run") is highly standardized, with three distinct parts (, "thirds"), the start of each of which is announced by a trumpet sound. The participants first enter the arena in a parade () to salute the presiding dignitary (), usually accompanied by band music. Matadors are distinguished by a "suit of lights" (traje de luces), custom-made and embroidered with silver or golden thread. The bull then enters the ring to be tested for aggressiveness by the matador and with the magenta and gold (dress cape). Stage 1: The first stage is called the ("third of lances"). The matador observes how the bull reacts to the waving of the banderilleros cloaks. They also note vision problems, unusual head movements, or if the bull favors a part of the ring called a (territory). Then two picadors enter the arena, each armed with a lance () and mounted on a large heavily-padded and blindfolded horse. The entrance of the horses attracts the bull to the picadors. As a picador stabs the bull's neck, the bull charges and attempts to lift the picador's horse. If the picadors are successful, the bull will hold its head and horns lower as a result of injury and weakness during the following stages of the fight. This makes the bull less dangerous to enable the matador to perform the passes of modern bullfighting. These weaken the ridges of neck and shoulder muscle (which set fighting bulls apart from cattle) through loss of blood, while also spurring the bull into making more aggressive charges. By this point the bull has lost a significant amount of blood, exhausting the animal. The matador then enters with his cape and sword, The matadors place the around the bull. If the presidente decides that the bull is relatively weak or unwilling to fight, they may order the use of black banderillas, considered to be a poor reflection on the breeder. Stage 3: In the third and final stage—the ("third of death")—the matador re-enters the ring alone with a small red cape or in one hand and a sword () in the other. This cape is stretched with a wooden dowel and, in right-handed passes, the sword as well. The is the entire performance combined with the , which is usually broken down into a series of (episodes). A typical tanda consists of three to five basic passes and then the finishing touch (), such as a , or . Well-received passes are celebrated by the audience with shouts of "¡ole!". The ends with a final series of passes in which the matador with a attempts to manoeuvre the bull into a position to stab it between the shoulder blades and through the aorta or heart. The entire part of the bullfight with the is called the ("third of death") or ("act of muleta"). The act of thrusting the sword ( or ) is called an . A clumsy that fails to give a "quick and clean death" will often raise loud protests from the crowd and may ruin the whole performance. If the estocada is not successful, the matador must then perform a and cut the bull's spinal cord with a second sword called , to kill it instantly and spare the animal pain. Although the matador's final blow is usually fatal, it may take the bull some time to die. A coup de grâce is therefore administered by a named a , using a dagger to further pierce the spinal cord. The matador must kill the bull in 15 minutes after the first pass, at most. After 10 minutes, if the bull is still alive, the will order an , a warning given with a trumpet sound. If a further three minutes elapse, a second will be given; a third and final is given after a further two minutes. The will then give an order to have the bull returned to its pen (), or, if local law so requires, to have the bull killed outside the ring. It is a dishonor for the failing matador. The bull's body is dragged out by a team of mules. If the is impressed by the performance of the bull, he orders a tour around the ring to honour the animal. Very rarely, a bull will be allowed to survive a fight as an indulgence granted in recognition of an exceptional performance. The spectators will demand an from the , by waving handkerchiefs before the . The matador will stop and look at the . If he stands still, he will resume their action and kill the bull. But if he has an orange handkerchief hung on his balcony, the matador will imitate the with a or with the palm of his hand and the bull will be "freed". Such bulls are generally retired from competition and raised as studs, as their experience in the ring makes them extremely dangerous opponents. A fighting bull is never used in the ring twice, because they learn from experience, and the entire strategy of the matador is based on the assumption that the bull has not learned from previous experience. This also invalidates bulls who have been run in their estate by illegal fighters (), who in earlier times would sneak into an estate by night to practice their skills. A (trophy) is the usual indicator of a successful . When the records of bullfights are kept, earned by the matador are always mentioned. If the crowd demands, the matador is allowed to take a lap of victory around the ring. If at least half of the spectators petition the by waving handkerchiefs, the is obliged to award the matador with one ear of the bull. To award the matador with another ear or with two ears and the tail (), depends solely on the 's appreciation. A matador who won at least two ears is given the permission to be carried on the shoulders of the admirers (). In some cities, such as Seville, three matadors take on two bulls each, and is only available to a matador that wins a total of three between his two bulls. In general, a matador that faces a bull that is freed is usually awarded , although only symbolically; ears or the tail can only be physically cut off of a dead bull. == Hazards ==

Bullfighting is normally fatal for the bull, and it is dangerous for the matador. Picadors and banderilleros are sometimes gored, but this is not common. The suertes with the capote are risky, but it is the faena, in particular the estocada, that is the most dangerous. A matador of classical (Manolete) style is trained to divert the bull with the muleta but to come close to the right horn as he makes the fatal sword-thrust between the scapulae and through the aorta. At this moment, the danger to the matador is the greatest. Most matadors have been gored many times. A special type of surgeon has developed, in Spain and elsewhere, to treat cornadas, or horn-wounds. The bullring normally has an infirmary with an operating room, reserved for the immediate treatment of matadors with cornadas. The bullring has a chapel where a matador can pray before the corrida and where a priest can be found in case an emergency sacrament of extreme unction (also known as Anointing of the Sick or Last Rites) is needed. Gorings can result in lasting disabilities, but need not end a bullfighter's career in the ring. Juan José Padilla suffered extensive injuries at Zaragoza on 7 October 2011 when a bull gored him in the head, breaking his jaw and his skull, putting out one of his eyes, deafening him in one ear and paralyzing half his face. Nevertheless, after convalescence, he came back to the bullring and fought more bulls. On the other hand, one of Spain's first women bullfighters, Juana Cruz, was left with injuries that hindered her performance as a torera after a double goring at the Santamaría Bullring in Bogotá on 12 November 1944, and she thus soon afterwards gave up bullfighting. As deadly as bullfighting usually is for the bull, some bullfighters have been killed in the bullring, too. Manolete, mentioned above, was one such bullfighter (gored in the leg, Linares, 29 August 1947). More recently, José Cubero Sánchez ("El Yiyo") was gored in the heart after delivering the estocada (Colmenar Viejo, 30 August 1985) less than a year after fellow Spanish bullfighter Paquirri had been gored to death at a bullfight in Cubero's presence (Pozoblanco, 26 September 1984). The first bullfighter to be killed in a bullfight in Spain in the 21st century was Víctor Barrio (gored in the chest, Teruel, 9 July 2016); his death was televised live. == Popularity ==

A poll conducted in 2014–2015 by the Spanish Ministry of Culture places bullfighting 10th in the list of most popular paid leisure activities. In 2015 9.5% of Spaniards went to a paid bullfight. Among autonomous communities, Navarre headed the list, followed by Castile–León, Aragon, La Rioja, Castile–La Mancha and Extremadura. The regions least interested in bullfighting were Galicia, the Canary Islands, Catalonia and the Balearic Islands. 1,546 bullfights took place in Spain in 2022. Compared to the 3,651 bullfights that took place in 2007, a 57.7% decrease over the past 15 years suggests the events' decline in popularity. This can even be seen between 2007 and 2011 with a 37.3% decrease in the number of bullfights. == Women in bullfighting ==

The history of female bullfighters participating in Spanish-style bullfighting has been traced to the sport's earliest renditions, namely during the late 1700s and early 1800s. Francisco Goya, an 18th-century Spanish painter, first depicted a female bullfighter in his work La Pajuelera (part of his La Tauromaquia series), which depicts Nicolasa Escamilla sparring with a bull on horseback. The Spanish government banned women from participating in the sport from 1909 to 1934, following the Second Spanish Republic's liberation of women until 1939. == Anti-bullfighting movement ==

Activism against bullfighting has existed in Spain since the beginning of the early 20th century, when a group of intellectuals, belonging to the Generation of '98, rallied against the popularity of bullfighting and other social issues, dismissing them as "non-European" elements of Spanish culture, which were to blame for the country's social and economic backwardness. In the 21st century, bullfighting has come under increasing attack from animal rights activists and political actors for its links to Spanish nationalism. Separatist and nationalist sentiment in Catalonia has played a key role in the region-wide ban of a practice which is strongly associated to Spanish national identity. However, the runnings of the bulls are not banned. Galician and Basque nationalists have also expressed abolitionist stances, although in the case of the latter this has been somewhat mooted by the conundrum of bullfighting being at the heart of the San Fermin festival in Pamplona. Animal welfare concerns are perhaps the prime driver of opposition to bullfighting outside Spain, although rejection of traditionalism and Criollo elitism may also play a role in Latin America. In the Canary Islands, bullfights are banned but cock fights, banned in the rest of Spain, are popular. Animal rights activists claim bullfighting is a cruel or barbarous blood sport, in which the bull suffers severe stress and a slow, torturous death. A number of animal rights or animal welfare activist groups such as Antitauromaquia ("Antibullfighting") and StopOurShame undertake anti-bullfighting actions in Spain and other countries. Other arguments in favor of bullfighting include those to the effect that the death of animals in slaughterhouses is often much worse than the death in the ring, and that both types of animal die for entertainment since humans do not need to consume meat, eating it instead for taste (bulls enter the food chain after the bullfight). The last common defense to the practice is the conservationist standpoint for both the tradition itself and the Bravo bull variety, as Bravo bulls are the closest living relative to the European wild bull, completely extinct now and divided into sub-breeds whose only use is provision of meat and milk, serving the food industry. After years of increased pressure against bullfighting by abolitionist movements within Spain, the death of bullfighter Victor Barrio in July 2016 led to hundreds of comments being posted on various social media expressing joy towards the event and openly mocking his family and widow. This led to a significant backlash within Spain against anti-bullfighting activism, and criminal investigations are ongoing against those involved. Within a few days of Barrio's death, over 200,000 signatures had been collected demanding action be taken against one such activist. == Special events ==

Professional • The rejoneo or corrida de rejones: A rejoneador (lancer) on horseback tries to stab the bull with javelins called rejones de castigo in the first stage and banderillas in the second. In the final stage, the rejoneador kills the bull with a rejón de muerte (lance of death). On some occasions, the rejoneador will kill the bull on foot in the traditional way with muleta and estoca. • The recortes: A bullfighter dodges around the bull and does not use a cape or sword. Bulls are not killed during this type of bullfight. Most specialists in this form of bullfighting come from Aragon. • Comedy spectacles, such as El bombero torero y los enanitos toreros ("The bullfighting fireman and the bullfighting dwarves"). Amateur • The encierro: A "running" of the bulls through the streets. Customarily, runners run before the bulls to guide them from the pen to the plaza, where the bulls will await the afternoon's bullfight. The most famous is that of Pamplona in July, although encierros exist in towns throughout Spain. It is a dangerous activity, and care should be taken by those who wish to participate. In Segorbe, bulls are herded to the bullring by riders on horseback, an event called Entrada de toros y caballos, which is a tourist attraction. • The bous al carrer (bulls at the street in Catalan) commonly found in Comunidad Valenciana and some places in Catalonia. The main difference from a encierro is that the bulls aren't directed to any bullring • A Mediterranean variation, called bous a la mar (bulls at the sea), takes place on a dock. The youths jump into the water when the cow has cornered them. One place famous for this festivity is Dénia • Another variation is the toro embolado ("fire bull"). This fiesta takes place at midnight. Balls of flammable material or actual fireworks are placed on the horns. The bull is set free on the street where young men dodge and run away from the charging animal • The Toro de la Vega, now called Toro de la Peña: This traditionally would take place on the second Tuesday in September at Tordesillas. A bull would run through an open area and over a bridge across the Duero River. There a crowd (on foot and on horse) would try to kill the bull with spears and lances before it reaches the other side. In 2016 the government of Castile and León prohibited the killing or injuring of the bull during this event. However, the law of Castile and León dictates that all bulls used in events must be killed within 24 hours after its use. This means that the bull is no longer killed in public, but later, out of the audience's sight. Since the prohibition Toro de la Vega is replaced by Toro de la Peña, a bull run in which it is not allowed to injure or kill the bull. • The vaquillas (sokamuturra in Basque): A young cow of fighting stock is freed in a small ring (often built for the period of the festival and then dismantled) among local youths who tease her. The cow may have a dangling rope for recovery purposes. == Gallery ==

The phases of the Spanish-style bullfighting File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 01.jpg|Tercio de varas: Suerte de capote File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 02.jpg|Tercio de varas: The picador on a caparisoned and blindfolded horse pierces the back of the bull with a spear. File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 03.jpg|Tercio de banderillas: The banderillero stabs the banderillas into the bull's back. File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 04.jpg|Tercio de muerte: Suerte de muleta File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 05.jpg|Tercio de muerte: The matador pierces the bull's heart with his sword. File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 06.jpg|Tercio de muerte: The bull, fatally wounded, falls to the ground. File:Corrida madrid eq 2014-04-13 07.jpg|The dead bull is dragged away from the arena. == See also ==