The first human settlers came to the Stade area in 30,000 BC.
Swedish and
Danish Vikings under
Eric the Victorious conquered Stade and looted the town during the 990s. Many prominent
Saxons were taken back as slaves by Swedish troops. A majority of Vikings withdrew after taking plenty of plunder. A minor part of the Swedish and Danish forces stayed but were later defeated by reinforcements sent by the emperor. Since 1180 Stade belonged to the
Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. In early 1208 King
Valdemar II of Denmark and his troops conquered Stade. In August Valdemar II's cousin being in enmity with the king, the then Prince-Archbishop
Valdemar reconquered the city only to lose it soon after again to Valdemar II. In 1209 Emperor
Otto IV persuaded his ally Valdemar II to withdraw into the north of the Elbe, and the deposed Prince-Archbishop Valdemar took Stade. On 2 May 1209 Otto IV granted important
town privileges () to Stade. Otto IV confirmed the
burghers to be personally free and recognised them constituting a political entity of their own law, the
burgenses and optimi cives of Stade. Property within the municipal boundaries could not be subjected to feudal overlordship and was to be freely inherited without feudal claims to reversion. Fair juridical procedures were constituted and maximal fines fixed. Otto IV obliged himself to prevent burghers from being taken as hostages and to liberate captured burghers. After Otto IV had changed his mind and reinvested Prince-Archbishop Valdemar with the
See in 1211, Valdemar II recaptured Stade. In 1213 Otto's elder brother Count Palatine
Henry V of the
Rhine, reconquered Stade for the Prince-Archbishop. In 1215 Henry repelled another Danish attack on Stade. In the winter of 1216 Valdemar II and his Danish troops, unable to take the city of Stade, ravaged the
County of Stade. From then on Stade remained a part of the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen. and St. Wilhadi, respectively. ) In medieval times (from the 13th century to the late 17th century), Stade was a prominent member of the
Hanseatic League, but was later eclipsed by
Hamburg. In 1611 the city signed a contract with
Sephardic Jews, allowing the foundation of a community. In 1613,
Johann Friedrich, Administrator of the Prince-Archbishopric, followed by settling
Ashkenazic Jews in the city, but during the turmoil of Catholic conquest and Lutheran reconquest the last archival traces of Jews date from 1630. In 1648, by the
Treaty of Westphalia, the Prince-Archbishopric of Bremen underwent a constitutional transformation from a
prince-bishopric into a monarchy, the
Duchy of Bremen. The duchy and the neighbouring
Principality of Verden, colloquially referred to as
Bremen-Verden, were granted by the
Treaty of Westphalia as an appanage to the Swedish crown. Stade, already under Swedish occupation since 1645, was a part of the
Swedish province of Bremen-Verden-Wildeshausen from 1645 to 1712, and some of the buildings built by the Swedes are still in use today.
Swedish rule Stade's heyday lasted until the
Thirty Years' War. In 1628
Tilly conquered the town; shortly thereafter,
Sweden took possession of it until 1636. After a period of Danish occupation, Sweden finally recaptured it in 1643 and was also officially granted possession of it, together with the
Archbishopric of Bremen, in the
Peace of Westphalia. Two-thirds of the town were razed in the great town fire on 26 May 1659. The town was rebuilt again to the same plan. From 1675 to 1676, in the
Swedish-Brandenburg War, Swedish Stade was conquered during a
campaign by
Denmark-Norway and several states of the
Holy Roman Empire and remained in allied hands until the end of that war in 1679. Stade, as the headquarters of the Swedish Stadhalter, was besieged from early April 1676 to 13 Aug 1676. In the wake of the
Treaty of Saint Germain in 1679, Stade was once again awarded to Sweden. The Elbe customs station near Stade, in Brunshausen at the mouth of the Schwinge, played special role in trading on the River Elbe from the period of the archbishopric. In 1663, the Swedes stationed an Elbe customs frigate as a permanent patrol ship. This arrangement continued to exist under various rulers until 1850 and the customs station on the Schwinge fieldworks itself existed until 1865. Swedish sovereignty ended in 1712. Danish troops besieged the town in the
Great Northern War and shelled it from 29 August to 7 September 1712 that destroyed 152 houses, a quarter of the built-up area. During the Swedish times Stade was the capital of the province.
Danish rule In 1712 Denmark-Norway conquered Stade and the whole of Bremen-Verden. Stade remained Bremen-Verden's capital also after the Danes ceded it to the
Electorate of Hanover in 1715. When in 1823 Bremen-Verden was replaced by new administrative forms, Stade continued to be the capital of the
Stade region. In 1355 and in 1712, Stade suffered from the
plague epidemic, which killed at least 30–40% of the city's population.
Early modern and modern period In 1757 following the
French Invasion of Hanover, the
Hanoverian Army of Observation under
Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, and the
Privy Council of Hanover (government) took shelter in Stade. Cumberland prepared to defend the town before agreeing the
Convention of Klosterzeven which brought about a temporary
armistice. By the end of the 17th century Ashkenazi Jews reappeared in Stade. In 1842 the
Kingdom of Hanover granted equal rights to Jews and promoted building up Jewish congregations and a regional superstructure (
rabbinate) within a nationwide scope. The Jews in Stade regarded this as progress and a burden alike, because prior they had not employed any rabbi and religion teacher due to the implied financial burden. In 1845 – according to the new law – a land-rabbinate, under
Land-Rabbi Joseph Heilbut, was established in the city, serving 16 Jewish congregations, which were founded over the years in the whole Stade Region, with altogether 1,250 Jews in 1864 (highest number ever reached). The local authorities now requested, that the Jewish congregations establish synagogues and Jewish education for the pupils. In 1849 Stade's synagogue opened, but had to close due to financial restrictions in 1908. And a teacher for
Jewish religion and Hebrew was employed (after 1890 Stade's community couldn't afford a teacher any more). From 1903 on the Jewish community of Stade was granted public subsidies to continue functioning. The Stade Region stayed a Jewish diaspora, and from 1860 on Stade's land-rabbinate was never staffed again, but served alternately by one of the other three Hanoverian land-rabbinates. Labour migration and emigration to urban centres outside the Stade Region and Jewish demography rather lead to a reduction of the number of Jews in the
Stade Region (786 in 1913, 716 in 1928). However, most of the remaining Jews were deported during the Nazi reign. During World War II, Stade remained completely untouched by Allied bombings. In past decades, Stade has economically benefited significantly from the presence of chemical and aerospace industry at the
Elbe river, most notably
Dow Chemical and
Airbus. Also by the Elbe at Stade is the decommissioned
Stade Nuclear Power Plant, which was connected to the power grid from 1972 to 2003. By the time the plant was brought offline, it was Germany's second oldest reactor. Following Germany's 2002 decision to phase out nuclear power generation, Stade was the first German plant to be affected; it was closed down permanently on 14 November 2003. Close to the former nuclear plant there is an inactive oil-fired power station, the
Schilling Power Station. ==Sights==