Narrow-gauge railway

A narrow-gauge railway is one where the distance between the inside edges of the rails is less than . Historically, the term was sometimes used to refer to what are now standard-gauge railways, to distinguish them from broad-gauge railways, but this use no longer applies. ==History==

Early hand-worked lines '', showing a narrow-gauge railway in a mine The earliest recorded railway appears in Georgius Agricola's 1556 De re metallica, which shows a mine in Bohemia with a railway of about gauge. During the 16th century, railways were primarily restricted to hand-pushed, narrow-gauge lines in mines throughout Europe. In the 17th century, mine railways were extended to provide transportation above ground. These lines were industrial, connecting mines with nearby transportation points (usually canals or other waterways). These railways were usually built to the same narrow gauge as the mine railways from which they developed. Introduction of steam The world's first steam locomotive, built in 1802 by Richard Trevithick for the Coalbrookdale Company, ran on a plateway. The first commercially successful steam locomotive was Matthew Murray's Salamanca built in 1812 for the Middleton Railway in Leeds. Salamanca was also the first rack-and-pinion locomotive. During the 1820s and 1830s, a number of industrial narrow-gauge railways in the United Kingdom used steam locomotives. In 1842, the first narrow-gauge steam locomotive outside the UK was built for the -gauge Antwerp-Ghent Railway in Belgium. The first use of steam locomotives on a public, passenger-carrying narrow-gauge railway was in 1865, when the Ffestiniog Railway introduced passenger service after receiving its first locomotives two years earlier. Industrial use Many narrow-gauge railways were part of industrial enterprises and served primarily as industrial railways, rather than general carriers. Common uses for these industrial narrow-gauge railways included mining, logging, construction, tunnelling, quarrying, and conveying agricultural products. Extensive narrow-gauge networks were constructed in many parts of the world; 19th-century mountain logging operations often used narrow-gauge railways to transport logs from mill to market. Significant sugarcane railways still operate in Cuba, Fiji, Java, the Philippines, and Queensland, and narrow-gauge railway equipment remains in common use for building tunnels. Introduction of internal combustion In 1897, a manganese mine in the Lahn valley in Germany was using two benzine-fueled locomotives with single cylinder internal combustion engines on the 500mm gauge tracks of their mine railway; these locomotives were made by the Deutz Gas Engine Company (Gasmotorenfabrik Deutz), now Deutz AG. Another early use of internal combustion was to power a narrow-gauge locomotive was in 1902. F. C. Blake built a 7 hp petrol locomotive for the Richmond Main Sewerage Board sewage plant at Mortlake. This gauge locomotive was probably the third petrol-engined locomotive built. First World War and later Extensive narrow-gauge rail systems served the front-line trenches of both sides in World War I.{{cite book |title=Railways at War |first=J. N. |last=Westwood ==Improvements==

Heavy-duty tracks in Queensland. Unlike other states in Australia which use different gauges, Queensland's network is made up of -gauge track. The heavy-duty narrow-gauge railways in Australia (Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia. Tasmania), New Zealand, South Africa, Japan, Taiwan, Indonesia and the Philippines demonstrate that if track is built to a heavy-duty standard, performance almost as good as a standard-gauge line is possible. Two-hundred-car trains operate on the Sishen–Saldanha railway line in South Africa, and high-speed Tilt Trains run in Queensland. In South Africa and New Zealand, the loading gauge is similar to the restricted British loading gauge; in New Zealand, some British Rail Mark 2 carriages have been rebuilt with new bogies for use by Tranz Scenic (Wellington-Palmerston North service), Tranz Metro (Wellington-Masterton service), and Auckland One Rail (Auckland suburban services). Another example of a heavy-duty narrow-gauge line is Brazil's EFVM. At gauge, it has over-100-pound rail () and a loading gauge almost as large as US non-excess-height lines. The line has a number of locomotives and 200-plus-car trains. Fastest trains Narrow gauge's reduced stability means that its trains cannot run at speeds as high as on broader gauges. For example, if a curve with standard-gauge rail (1435 mm) can allow speed up to , the same curve with narrow-gauge rail (1067mm) can only allow speed up to . In Japan and Queensland, recent permanent-way improvements have allowed trains on gauge tracks to exceed . Queensland Rail's Electric Tilt Train, the fastest train in Australia and the fastest gauge train in the world, set a record of . The speed record for narrow-gauge rail is , set in South Africa in 1978. A special gauge railcar was built for the Otavi Mining and Railway Company with a design speed of . Curve radius is also important for high speeds: narrow-gauge railways allow sharper curves, but these limit a vehicle's safe speed. ==Gauges==

Many narrow gauges, from gauge to gauge, are in present or former use. They fall into several broad categories: Just under standard gauge • Huddersfield Corporation Tramways • Glasgow Corporation Tramways 4 ft 6 in gauge track gauge (also known as Scotch gauge) was adopted by early 19th-century railways, primarily in the Lanarkshire area of Scotland. lines were also constructed, and both were eventually converted to standard gauge. Around 4 ft gauge • Middleton Railway • Barrow-in-Furness Tramways Company • Bradford Corporation Tramways • Canton and Massillon Electric Railway • City of Oxford Tramways Company • Darwen Corporation Tramways • Derby Tramways Company • Falkirk and District Tramways • Glasgow Subway • Honolulu Rapid Transit and Land Company • Keighley Tramways • Padarn Railway • Reading Corporation Tramways • Redruth and Chasewater Railway • Saundersfoot Railway • Wellington tramway system • Central Funicular • Fribourg funicular • Gardena Ronda Express • Rheineck–Walzenhausen mountain railway, Appenzell Railways • Schlossbergbahn (Freiburg) • Stoosbahn • Zagreb Funicular • Žaliakalnis Funicular • Arcata and Mad River Railroad • Northern Redwood Lumber Company • Middlebere Plateway 1093 mm gauge • Köping–Uttersberg–Riddarhyttan Railway 3 ft 6 in gauge between the inside of the rail heads, its name and classification vary worldwide and it has about of track. Similar gauges • in Algeria • on the Hejaz railway in Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia and Syria; only a few lines survive. Metre gauge and Italian metre gauge As its name implies, metre gauge is a track gauge of . It has about of track. According to Italian law, track gauges in Italy were defined from the centre of each rail rather than the inside edges of the rails. This gauge, measured between the edges of the rails, is known as Italian metre gauge. 3 ft, 900 mm, and Swedish three-foot gauge in California There were a number of large railroad systems in North America; notable examples include the Denver & Rio Grande and Rio Grande Southern in Colorado; the Texas and St. Louis Railway in Texas, Arkansas and Missouri; and, the South Pacific Coast, White Pass and Yukon Route and West Side Lumber Co of California. was also a common track gauge in South America, Ireland and on the Isle of Man. was a common gauge in Europe. Swedish three-foot-gauge railways () are unique to that country and were once common all over the country. Today the only 891 mm line that remains apart from heritage railways is Roslagsbanan, a commuter line that connects Stockholm to its northeastern suburbs. 2 ft 9 in gauge A few railways and tramways were built to gauge, including Nankai Main Line (later converted to ), Ocean Pier Railway at Atlantic City, Seaton Tramway (converted from ) and Waiorongomai Tramway. 800 mm, 2 ft 6 in, Bosnian and 750 mm gauge gauge railways are commonly used for rack railways. Imperial gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. Bosnian gauge and railways are predominantly found in Russia and Eastern Europe. Between and gauge Gauges such as , and were used in parts of the UK, particularly for railways in Wales and the borders, with some industrial use in the coal industry. Some sugar cane lines in Cuba were . 2 ft and 600 mm gauges in Wales gauge railways were generally constructed in the former British colonies. The US had a number of railways of that gauge, including several in the state of Maine such as the Wiscasset, Waterville and Farmington Railway. , and were used in Europe. Minimum gauge Gauges below were rare. Arthur Percival Heywood developed gauge estate railways in Britain and Decauville produced a range of industrial railways running on and tracks, most commonly in restricted environments such as underground mine railways, parks and farms, in France. Several gauge railways were built in Britain to serve ammunition depots and other military facilities, particularly during World War I. == Narrow gauge railways by continent ==

Africa • Narrow-gauge railways in Africa Asia • Narrow-gauge railways in Asia Europe • Narrow-gauge railways in Europe North America • Narrow-gauge railways in North America • Rail transport in Central America Oceania • Narrow-gauge railways in Oceania South America • Narrow-gauge railways in South America ==See also==