In audio production, a
stem is a group of audio sources
mixed together, usually by one person, to be dealt with downstream as one unit. A single stem may be delivered in
mono,
stereo, or in multiple tracks for
surround sound. In
sound mixing for film, the preparation of stems is a common stratagem to facilitate the final mix. Dialogue, music and sound effects, called "D-M-E", are brought to the final mix as separate stems. Using stem mixing, the dialogue can easily be replaced by a foreign-language version, the effects can easily be adapted to different mono, stereo and surround systems, and the music can be changed to fit the desired emotional response. If the music and effects stems are sent to another production facility for foreign dialogue replacement, these non-dialogue stems are called "M&E". The dialogue stem is used by itself when editing various scenes together to construct a
trailer of the film; after this some music and effects are mixed in to form a cohesive sequence. In music mixing for
recordings and for
live sound, stems are subgroups of similar sound sources. When a large project uses more than one person mixing, stems can facilitate the job of the final mix engineer. Such stems may consist of all of the string instruments, a full orchestra, just background vocals, only the percussion instruments, a single drum set, or any other grouping that may ease the task of the final mix. Stems prepared in this fashion may be blended together later in time, as for a recording project or for consumer listening, or they may be mixed simultaneously, as in a live sound performance with multiple elements. For instance, when
Barbra Streisand toured in 2006 and 2007, the audio production crew used three people to run three
mixing consoles: one to mix strings, one to mix brass, reeds and percussion, and one under main engineer
Bruce Jackson's control out in the audience, containing Streisand's microphone inputs and stems from the other two consoles. Stems may be supplied to a musician in the recording studio so that the musician can adjust a headphones monitor mix by varying the levels of other instruments and vocals relative to the musician's own input. Stems may also be delivered to the consumer so they can listen to a piece of music with a custom blend of the separate elements. Stems can also be used by
DJs for performing
DJ sets and creating
mashups. If music is not available in stem format, software and online services can extract song elements such as vocals, instruments, and drums into separate files. ==See also==