founded Stockton when he acquired and settled
Rancho Campo de los Franceses. When Europeans first arrived in the Stockton area, it was occupied by the Yatchicumne, a branch of the Northern Valley
Yokuts Indians. They built their villages on low mounds to keep their homes above regular floods. A Yokuts village named Pasasimas was located on a mound between Edison and Harrison Streets on what is now the
Stockton Channel in downtown Stockton. The
Siskiyou Trail began in the northern
San Joaquin Valley. It was a centuries-old Native American footpath that led through the
Sacramento Valley over the
Cascades and into present-day
Oregon. The extensive network of waterways in and around Stockton was fished and navigated by
Miwok Indians for centuries. During the
California Gold Rush, the
San Joaquin River was navigable by ocean-going vessels, making Stockton a natural inland seaport and point of supply and departure for prospective gold-miners. From the mid-19th century onward, Stockton became the region's transportation hub, dealing mainly with agricultural products.
19th century Mexican era Carl David Maria Weber was a German immigrant to the United States in 1836. He was born as Karl David Weber (February 18, 1814, in
Steinwenden – May 4, 1881, in Stockton) and then went by Charles in 1836 in the United States, first spending time in
New Orleans and then in
Texas. He then came overland from Missouri to California with the
Bartleson-Bidwell Party in 1841 and began to go by Carlos when he began working for
John Sutter. In 1842, Weber settled in the
Pueblo of San José. As an alien, Weber could not secure a land grant directly, so he formed a partnership with Guillermo (William) Gulnac. Born in New York, Gulnac had married a Mexican woman and sworn allegiance to Mexico, which then ruled California. He applied in Weber's place for
Rancho Campo de los Franceses, a land grant of 11 square
leagues on the east side of the San Joaquin River. Gulnac and Weber dissolved their partnership in 1843. Gulnac's attempts to settle the Rancho Campo de los Franceses failed, and Weber acquired it in 1845. In 1846, Weber had induced a number of settlers to locate on the rancho when the
Mexican–American War broke out. Considered a Californio, Weber was offered the position of captain by Mexican general
José Castro, which he declined; he later, however, accepted the position of captain in the Cavalry of the United States. Captain Weber's decision to change sides lost him a great deal of the trust he had built up among his Mexican business partners. As a result, he moved to the grant in 1847 and sold his business in San Jose in 1849.
Gold Rush era At the start of the
California Gold Rush in 1848, Europeans and Americans started to arrive in the area of Weber's rancho on their way to the goldfields. When Weber decided to try his hand at gold mining in late 1848, he soon found selling supplies to
gold-seekers was more profitable. As the head of navigation on the San Joaquin River, the city grew rapidly as a miners' supply point during the Gold Rush. Weber built the first permanent residence in the
San Joaquin Valley on a piece of land now known as Weber Point. In 1849 Weber laid out a town, which he named "Tuleburg," but he soon decided on "Stockton" in honor of
Commodore Robert F. Stockton. Stockton was the first community in California to have a name that was neither Spanish nor
Native American in origin.
Chinese immigration Thousands of Chinese came to Stockton from
Guangdong province of China during the 1850s due to a combination of political and economic unrest in China and the discovery of gold in California. After the gold rush, many worked for the railroads and land reclamation projects in the
Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta and remained in Stockton. By 1880 Stockton was home to the third-largest Chinese community in California. Discriminatory laws, in particular the
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882, restricted immigration and prevented the Chinese from buying property. The Lincoln Hotel, built in 1920 on South El Dorado Street by Wong Kee and his two brothers, was considered one of Stockton's finest hotels of the time. Only after the
Magnuson Act was repealed in 1965 were American-born Chinese allowed to buy property and own buildings.
Incorporation The city was officially incorporated on July 23, 1850, by the county court, and the first city election was held on July 31, 1850. In 1851 the City of Stockton received its charter from the State of California. Early settlers included gold seekers from Asia, Africa, Australia, Europe, the Pacific Islands, Mexico and Canada. The historical population diversity is reflected in Stockton street names, architecture, numerous ethnic festivals and the faces and heritage of a majority of its citizens. In 1870 the Census Bureau reported Stockton's population as 87.6% white and 10.7% Asian. Many Chinese were immigrating to California as workers in these years, especially for the
Transcontinental Railroad.
Benjamin Holt settled in Stockton in 1883 and with his three brothers founded the Stockton Wheel Co., and later the
Holt Manufacturing Company.
20th century thanking
Benjamin Holt (left) on behalf of the
Holt Manufacturing Company for its contributions toward winning World War I, Stockton, April 1918 temple in the United States, built in Stockton in 1912 On Thanksgiving Day, November 24, 1904, Holt successfully tested the first workable
continuous track tread machine, plowing soggy
San Joaquin Valley Delta farmland. Company photographer Charles Clements was reported to have observed that the tractor crawled like a caterpillar, and Holt seized on the metaphor. "Caterpillar it is. That's the name for it." On April 22, 1918, British Army Col.
Ernest Dunlop Swinton visited Stockton while on a tour of the United States. The British and French armies were using many hundreds of Holt tractors to haul heavy guns and supplies during
World War I, and Swinton publicly thanked Holt and his workforce for their contribution to the war effort. During 1914 and 1915, Swinton had advocated basing some sort of armored fighting vehicle on Holt's caterpillar tractors, but without success (although Britain did develop tanks, they came from a separate source and were not directly derived from Holt machines). After the appearance of tanks on the battlefield, Holt built a prototype, the
gas–electric tank, but it did not enter production. On January 10, 1920, a major fire on Main Street threatened an entire city block. At about 2 a.m., a blaze was discovered in the basement of the Yost-Dohrmann store, which was gutted, and adjacent businesses were damaged by flames and water. Damage was estimated at $150,000. By 1931, the
Stockton Electric Railroad Co. operated 40
streetcars over of track. Stockton is the site of the first
Sikh temple in the United States;
Gurdwara Sahib Stockton opened on October 24, 1912. It was founded by Baba Jawala Singh and Baba Wasakha Singh, successful Punjabi immigrants who farmed and owned on the Holt River. In 1933, the
port was modernized, and the Stockton Deepwater Channel, which improved water passage to
San Francisco Bay, was deepened and completed. This created commercial opportunities that fueled the city's growth.
Ruff and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot was established, placing Stockton in a strategic position during the
Cold War. During the
Great Depression the town's canning industry became the battleground of a labor dispute resulting in the
Spinach Riot of 1937. During
World War II, the Stockton Assembly Center was built on the San Joaquin County Fairgrounds, a few blocks from what was then the city center. One of 15 temporary detention sites run by the
Wartime Civilian Control Administration, the center held some 4,200
Japanese-Americans removed from their West Coast homes under
Executive Order 9066, while they waited for transfer to more permanent and isolated camps in the interior of the country. The center opened on May 10, 1942, and operated until October 17, when the majority of its population was sent to
Rohwer, Arkansas. The former incarceration site was named a California Historical Landmark in 1980, and in 1984 a marker was erected at the entrance to the fairgrounds. In 1979, the development of a residential area in Stockton at a burial ground of the tribe unearthed two hundred
Miwok remains. In an attempt to prevent the further desecration of the burial grounds, a descendant of the people initiated a legal case which became
Wana the Bear v. Community Construction (1982). The decision ultimately sided with the development company, which was heavily criticized by Native Americans as a display of
ethnocentrism. In September 1996, the
Base Realignment and Closure Commission announced the final closure of Stockton's Naval Reserve Center on Rough and Ready Island. Formerly known as Ruff and Ready Island Naval Supply Depot, the island's facilities had served as a major communications outpost for submarine activities in the Pacific during the Cold War. The site is slowly being redeveloped as commercial property.
21st century In 2012, Stockton filed for what was then the largest municipal bankruptcy in U.S. historywhich had multiple causes, including financial mismanagement in the 1990s, generous
fringe benefits to unionized city employees, and the
2008 financial crisis. Stockton successfully exited bankruptcy in February 2015. It was named an
All-America City in 1999, 2004, 2015, 2017, and 2018. ==Geography==