Space Shuttle
Discovery lifted off from
Launch Complex 39B,
Kennedy Space Center, at 11:37:00 a.m.
EDT on September 29, 1988, 975 days after the
Challenger disaster. The launch was delayed by one hour and thirty-eight minutes due to unseasonable and unusual light winds, and the need to replace fuses in the cooling systems of two crew members' flight suits. The suits were repaired, and a waiver was issued for the wind conditions after officials determined there was a sufficient safety margin for wind loads on the orbiter's wing leading edges. At T−1:30, it was proposed that the launch be delayed at T−0:31 due to a cabin air pressure issue. It was quickly determined that the cabin pressure had been increased slightly by the activation of the oxygen systems in the crew's flight suits, and the launch was conducted without further delay. The shuttle crew—all veteran astronauts—included Commander Frederick H. "Rick" Hauck, Pilot Richard O. Covey, and Mission Specialists John M. "Mike" Lounge, George D. "Pinky" Nelson and David C. Hilmers. The primary payload for the STS-26 mission,
TDRS-C, was successfully deployed, and 11 scheduled mid-deck scientific and technological experiments were carried out. The post-
Challenger redesigned
solid rocket booster segment joints showed no signs of leakage or overheating. Two minor problems occurred during the flight. After ascent, the Flash Evaporator System for cooling the orbiter iced up and shut down, increasing the crew cabin temperature to approximately . The problem was resolved on Flight Day 4 and cooler temperatures resulted. A
Ku-band antenna for communications was deployed on Flight Day 2, but it failed to respond properly and had to be stowed for the remainder of the mission. During STS-26,
Discovery became the first spacecraft to fly in space equipped with a VCU (Voice Control Unit), a computer capable of recognising and responding to human speech. The VCU was created by
SCI Systems in
Huntsville, Alabama, and was based on technology licensed from the
Votan company. This
speech recognition system controlled the cameras and monitors that were used by the crew to monitor the
Canadarm mechanical arm mounted in the cargo bay. Because of the experimental nature of speech recognition at the time, this system was not used for any critical operations. Initial problems almost sidelined the tests when the voice templates that were created prior to liftoff were found to have less than 60% recognition for one crew member and less than 40% recognition for another. This problem was corrected by retraining the templates. It was retested and found to be operational with a recognition success rate of over 96%. It was concluded that
weightless conditions caused a fundamental change in human speech, making the templates created prior to liftoff virtually useless on orbit. Besides conducting the mission's various experiments, crew members practiced suiting up in new partial-pressure "launch-and-entry" flight suits, and also practiced the unstowing and attaching of the new crew escape system. On October 2, 1988, the day before the mission ended, the five-man crew paid tribute to the seven crew members lost in the
Challenger disaster.
Discovery landed on Runway 17,
Edwards Air Force Base,
California, at 12:37:11 p.m. EDT on October 3, 1988, after a mission duration of approximately 4 days, 1 hour, 0 minute, and 11 seconds. Capsule Communicator Blaine Hammond Jr. welcomed the crew, saying it was "a great ending to a new beginning".
Payloads and experiments after deployment TDRS-C, which became TDRS-3 in orbit, and its attached
Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), were deployed from
Discoverys cargo bay six hours and 13 minutes into the flight. The first stage of the IUS placed TDRS-3 in a transfer orbit, and the second stage placed it in a
geosynchronous orbit on September 30, 1988. TDRS-3 moved into position over the
Pacific Ocean south of
Hawaii at 171° west
longitude. It joined
TDRS-1 in tracking Earth-orbiting spacecraft; a sister satellite,
TDRS-B, was lost in the
Challenger accident. Also in the payload bay was the Orbiter Experiments Autonomous Supporting Instrumentation System (OASIS). OASIS recorded environmental data on the orbiter and the TDRS payload during various inflight phases. All the mission's mid-deck experiments were deemed to have been performed successfully. However, there were some glitches with two of the five materials science experiments. In the Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) experiment, two of the 11
proteins processed – including an
enzyme believed to be key to the replication of
AIDS – did not produce crystals suitable for analysis. Also, there were some equipment problems with the Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF), an experiment to investigate the melting and solidification of various materials in
zero-gravity. The materials processing experiments included two Shuttle Student Involvement Projects, one on
titanium grain formation and the other on controlling
crystal growth with a membrane. Another materials science experiment, the Physical Vapor Transport of Organic Solids-2 (PVTOS-2), was a joint project of NASA's Office of Commercial Programs and the
3M company. Three
life sciences experiments were conducted, including one on the aggregation of
red blood cells, intended to help determine if microgravity can play a beneficial role in clinical research and medical diagnostic tests. Two further experiments involved atmospheric sciences, while one was in communications research.
List of payloads Primary payload • NASA's TDRS-C satellite, attached to an Inertial Upper Stage (IUS), became the second
Tracking and Data Relay Satellite System (TDRSS) deployed. After deployment, the IUS propelled the satellite into a geosynchronous orbit.
Secondary payloads • Physical Vapor Transport of Organic Solids (PVTOS-2) • Protein Crystal Growth (PCG) • Infrared Communications Flight Experiment (IRCFE) • Aggregation of Red Blood Cells (ARC) • Isoelectric Focusing Experiment (IFE) • Mesoscale Lightning Experiment (MLE) • Phase Partitioning Experiment (PPE) • Earth-Limb Radiance Experiment (ELRAD) • Automated Directional Solidification Furnace (ADSF) • Two Shuttle Student Involvement Program (SSIP) experiments • Voice Control Unit test and evaluation (VCU)
Damage to thermal protection Discovery suffered severe damage to its thermal protection tiles in the underwing area. Post-flight analysis showed that the impact of a long piece of cork insulation during ascent was the culprit. The origin of the debris was the forward field joint on the right-hand SRB. The damage was such that, during re-entry, the thermal protection tile eroded almost completely. A similar chain of events ultimately led to the
loss of Columbia fifteen years later. == Wake-up calls ==