September 2019 Juba negotiations In September 2019, following the transfer of power from the
Transitional Military Council to the
Sovereignty Council of Sudan, South Sudanese president
Salva Kiir hosted talks in
Juba between rebel movements, military members of the Sovereignty Council, and the Sudanese prime minister. Rebel movements involved in the Juba meetings included four
Darfuri armed groups, the
Justice and Equality Movement (JEM), the
Sudan Liberation Movement/Army led by
Minni Minawi (SLM-MM), the
Sudan Liberation Movement–Transitional Council, and the
Alliance of Sudan Liberation Forces; Under the terms of the agreement, the factions that signed will be entitled to three seats on the
sovereignty council, a total of five ministers in the
transitional cabinet and a quarter of seats in the
transitional legislature. At a regional level, signatories will be entitled between 30 and 40% of the seats on transitional legislatures of their home states or regions.
3 September 2020 Addis Ababa peace agreement An agreement was reached between the transitional government and the
SPLM-North al-Hilu rebel faction on 3 September 2020 in Addis Ababa to
separate religion and state and not discriminate against anyone's ethnicity in order to secure the
equal treatment of all citizens of Sudan. The declaration of principles stated that 'Sudan is a multi-racial, multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural society. Full recognition and accommodation of these diversities must be affirmed. (...) The state shall not establish an official religion. No citizen shall be discriminated against based on their religion.'
Secularism had long been a demand of the SPLM-North al-Hilu, with a spokesperson saying: 'The problem is (...) to address why people became rebels? Because there are no equal citizenship rights, there is no distribution of wealth, there is no equal development in the country, there is no equality between black and Arab and Muslim and Christian.'
3 October 2020 Juba peace agreement The
Juba Peace Agreement was signed between the SRF, SPLM–N led by Malik Agar and SLM led by Minni Minnawi and the Sudanese government on 3 October 2020, with the absence of both al Nur and al-Hilu. The deal included terms to integrate rebels into the security forces, and to grant them political representation and economic and land rights, in addition to a 10-year plan to invest $750 million to develop southern and western regions, and to guarantee the return for displaced people.
Sudanese civil war (2023–present) During the
2023–present Sudanese civil war, ceasefires between the
Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the
Rapid Support Forces (RSF) have been negotiated. The
Treaty of Jeddah was internationally negotiated between the RSF, SAF,
Saudi Arabia, and the
United States. It became effective on 22 May 2023, and effectively expired the next day upon clashes resuming. In December 2024, the Sudan welcomed Turkey’s diplomatic efforts to resolve the Sudanese conflict, and described the UAE as “terrorists”, over its constant support to the RSF military group. The Sudanese Foreign Minister called the Emirati efforts towards the Sudanese peace deal “hollow and false”, saying that peace will be achieved after the Emirates stop arms supply to the RSF. ==Women's participation==