Black Sun (symbol)

The symbol that later became known as the "black sun" originated in the early 20th century, with the first depiction being the Wewelsburg mosaic. In 1933, Heinrich Himmler, the head of the SS, acquired Wewelsburg, a castle near Paderborn in the German region of Westphalia. Himmler intended to make the building into a center for the SS, and between 1936 and 1942, Himmler ordered the building expanded and rebuilt for ceremonial purposes. Himmler's remodeling included the Wewelsburg mosaic that was composed of twelve dark-green radially overlaid Sig runes, such as those employed in the logo of the SS, on the white marble floor of the structure's north tower known as the "General's Hall" (). Although today referred to as the Black Sun, the Wewelsburg motif is itself notably not black and the intended significance of the image remains unknown. As scholar Daniele Seipe summarizes, "There are no known sources from the National Socialist period that provide information about the meaning of the symbol intended at that time or about its name." Some scholars have suggested that the artist may have found inspiration from motifs found on decorative Merovingian period discs () from Central Europe, which have been suggested to represent the sun, or its passing through the year. Siepe says, however, that "such a connection has yet to be confirmed through reliable sources". ==Neo-Nazism and the far right==

In the late 20th century, the Black Sun symbol became widely used by neo-fascists, neo-Nazis, the far-right and white nationalists. The symbol often appears on extremist flags, t-shirts, posters, and websites and in extremist publications associated with such groups. Modern far-right groups often refer to the symbol as the sun wheel or . The name "Black Sun" came into wider use after the publication of a 1991 occult thriller novel, (The Black Sun of Tashi Lhunpo), by the pseudonymous author Russell McCloud. The book links the Wewelsburg mosaic with the neo-Nazi concept of the "Black Sun", invented by former SS officer Wilhelm Landig as a substitute for the Nazi swastika and a symbol for a mystic energy source that was supposed to renew the Aryan race. A number of far-right groups and individuals have utilised the symbol in their propaganda, including the perpetrator behind the Christchurch mosque shootings, Brenton Tarrant, and the Australian neo-Nazi group Antipodean Resistance, and the symbol was displayed by members of several extremist groups involved in the Unite the Right rally in Charlottesville, Virginia. Along with other symbols from the Nazi era such as the , the Sig Armanen rune, and the , the black sun is employed by some neo-Nazi adherents of Satanism. Scholar Chris Mathews writes: In May 2022, the perpetrator of the 2022 Buffalo shooting, a white supremacist, wore the Black Sun symbol on his body armor and placed it on the front of his digital manifesto. Pro-Russian Telegram channels and influencers subsequently spread misinformation linking the shooter with the Azov Regiment and Ukraine more broadly. However, the shooter makes no reference to the Azov Regiment in his manifesto, and Ukraine receives only a single mention in a section plagiarized from an earlier mass shooter's manifesto that predates the Russian invasion of Ukraine. On 1 September 2022, Fernando André Sabag Montiel, who has a Black Sun tattoo on his arm, attempted to assassinate Argentine vice president Cristina Fernández de Kirchner. In July 2023, a member of the Ron DeSantis 2024 presidential campaign produced and shared a video on Twitter containing the Black Sun. The video was quickly retracted after garnering media attention and backlash, and the aide was fired. == Azov Brigade==

, which uses a Black Sun'''' and the National Idea symbol in the forefront The Ukrainian Azov Brigade, founded in 2014, used the symbol as part of its logo in 2014-2015; it was later removed. Political scientist Ivan Gomza wrote in Krytyka that the Nazi connotations of the symbol in that logo are lost on most people in Ukraine, and the logo rather has an association with "a successful fighting unit that protects Ukraine." WotanJugend, a neo-Nazi group based in Kyiv and connected to the broader Azov political movement, has also used the Black Sun symbol to promote its group. In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, NATO tweeted a photo of a female Ukrainian soldier for International Women's Day. The soldier wore a symbol on her uniform that "appears to be the black sun symbol". After receiving complaints from social media users, NATO removed the tweet and stated "The post was removed when we realised it contained a symbol that we could not verify as official". == Other uses ==

According to the Freedom House initiative Reporting Radicalism, the Black Sun is also used by some modern pagan and satanist groups as an esoteric symbol. They further note that it is sometimes used as a fashionable, aesthetic symbol or misunderstood as having origins in ancient Scandinavian or Slavic cultures. The Anti-Defamation League stated that though the symbol is popular with white supremacists, imagery resembling the black sun features in many cultures, and should be analysed in the context it appears, and not necessarily interpreted as a sign of white supremacy or racism. The Colombian singer Shakira inadvertently sold a necklace with the symbol engraved during her 2018 "El Dorado" tour, under the impression that it was an ancient pre-Columbian symbol. Fans noticed the error and alerted her team, and the necklace was subsequently pulled down from the store. The perpetrator of the terrorist attack on two mosques in Christchurch, Brenton Tarrant, used an image widely circulated on the far-right forum 8chan on the cover of his manifesto, “The Great Reset.” The image features a black sun at the center of a circle divided into eight sectors, which are said to symbolize the eight principles of white supremacy. On the back, the black sun was superimposed in the center of eight photos. ==See also==