Arab supremacism In
Africa, Southern
Sudanese allege that they are being subjected to a racist form of
Arab supremacy, which they equate with the historic
white supremacy of
South Africa's
apartheid. The alleged
genocide and
ethnic cleansing in the ongoing
War in Darfur has been described as an example of
Arab racism. For example, in their analysis of the sources of the conflict, Julie Flint and
Alex de Waal say that
Colonel Gaddafi, the leader of
Libya, sponsored "Arab supremacism" across the
Sahara during the 1970s. Gaddafi supported the "
Islamic Legion" and the Sudanese opposition "
National Front, including the
Muslim Brothers and the Ansar, the
Umma Party's military wing." Gaddafi tried to use such forces to annex
Chad from 1979 to 1981. Gaddafi supported the Sudanese government's
war in the South during the early 1980s, and in return, he was allowed to use the Darfur region as a "
back door to Chad". As a result, the first signs of an "Arab racist political platform" appeared in Darfur in the early 1980s.
Black supremacism Cornel West, an African-American philosopher, writes that
black supremacist religious views arose in America as a part of
black Muslim theology in response to
white supremacy.
Hutu supremacism East Asian supremacism East Asian supremacism and
race-based nationalism appear among the people of
China,
Japan,
Taiwan, and
Korea, and
East Asia holds an important stake in the global
GDP. It has also influenced
far-right white nationalists, such as
Anders Behring Breivik. and Han supremacy, which can combine with
Chinese ultranationalism.
Japanese supremacism Initially, in order to justify Japan's conquest of Asia,
Japanese propaganda espoused the ideas of Japanese supremacy by claiming that the Japanese represented a combination of all Asian peoples and cultures, emphasizing the existence of their heterogeneous traits. The
Empire of Japan often opened
human zoos to showcase the supposed inferiority of other Asian peoples and Japanese superiority. Japanese propaganda started to place an emphasis on the ideas of Japanese supremacy of the Yamato race when the Second Sino-Japanese War intensified. Even in modern Japan, the concept related to "Yamato race" remains important, which means that even ethnic Koreans living there for generations can't get citizenship and there's less immigration despite a contracting population.
White supremacism Centuries of
European colonialism in the Americas,
Asia,
Africa and
Oceania were justified by
Eurocentric attitudes and sometimes, they were also justified by
white supremacist attitudes. During the 19th century, "
The White Man's Burden", the phrase which refers to the belief that whites have the obligation to make the societies of the other peoples more 'civilized', was widely used to justify colonial policies as a noble enterprise. Historian
Thomas Carlyle, best known for his historical account of the
French Revolution,
The French Revolution: A History, argued that western policies were justified on the grounds that they provided the greatest benefit to "inferior" native peoples. However, even at the time of its publication in 1849, Carlyle's main work on the subject, the
Occasional Discourse on the Negro Question, was poorly received by his contemporaries. According to William Nicholls,
religious antisemitism can be distinguished from
racial antisemitism which is based on
racial or
ethnic grounds. "The dividing line was the possibility of effective conversion ... a Jew ceased to be a Jew upon
baptism." However, with racial antisemitism, "Now the assimilated Jew was still a Jew, even after baptism ... . From the
Enlightenment onward, it is no longer possible to draw clear lines of distinction between religious and racial forms of hostility towards Jews... Once Jews have been emancipated and secular thinking makes its appearance, without leaving behind the old Christian hostility towards Jews, the new term antisemitism becomes almost unavoidable, even before explicitly racist doctrines appear." One of the first
typologies which was used to classify various human races was invented by
Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), a theoretician of
eugenics, who published ''L'Aryen et son rôle social
(1899 – "The Aryan and his social role") in 1899. In his book, he divides humanity into various, hierarchical races, starting with the highest race which is the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", and ending with the lowest race which is the "brachycephalic", "mediocre and inert" race, that race is best represented by Southern European, Catholic peasants". Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the "Homo europaeus" (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the "Homo alpinus" (Auvergnat, Turkish, etc.), and finally the "Homo mediterraneus''" (
Neapolitan,
Andalus, etc.) Jews were brachycephalic just like the Aryans were, according to Lapouge; but he considered them dangerous for this exact reason; they were the only group, he thought, which was threatening to displace the Aryan aristocracy. Georges Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirations of
Nazi antisemitism and
Nazi racist ideology.
United States White Americans who participated in the
Atlantic slave trade believed and justified their economic exploitation of African Americans by creating a
scientific theory of white superiority and black inferiority.
Thomas Jefferson, who was a believer of scientific racism and enslaver of over 600 African Americans (regarded as property under the
Articles of Confederation), wrote that blacks were "inferior to the whites in the endowments of body and mind." A justification for the
conquest of
American Indian tribes emanated from their
dehumanized perception as the "merciless Indian savages", as described in the
United States Declaration of Independence. Before the outbreak of the
American Civil War, the
Confederate States of America was founded with a
constitution that contained clauses which restricted the government's ability to limit or interfere with the institution of "negro" slavery. In the 1861
Cornerstone Speech, Confederate vice president,
Alexander Stephens declared that one of the Confederacy's foundational tenets was White Supremacy over African American slaves. Following the war, a hate group, known as the
Ku Klux Klan, was founded in the
American South, after the end of the
American Civil War. Its purpose has been to maintain White, Protestant supremacy in the US after the
Reconstruction period, which it did so through violence and intimidation. The
Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and
Southern Poverty Law Center condemn writings about "Jewish Supremacism" by
Holocaust-denier, former
Grand Wizard of the KKK, and
conspiracy theorist David Duke as
antisemitic – in particular, his book
Jewish Supremacism: My Awakening to the Jewish Question. Kevin B. MacDonald, known for his
theory of Judaism as a "group evolutionary strategy", has also been accused of being "antisemitic" and a "white supremacist" in his writings on the subject by the ADL and his own university psychology department.
Nazi Germany From 1933 to 1945,
Nazi Germany, under the rule of
Adolf Hitler, promoted the belief in the existence of a superior,
Aryan Herrenvolk, or
master race. The
state's propaganda advocated the belief that
Germanic peoples, whom they called "Aryans", were a master race or a
Herrenvolk whose members were superior to the
Jews,
Slavs, and
Romani people, so-called "gypsies".
Arthur de Gobineau, a French racial theorist and aristocrat, blamed the fall of the
ancien régime in France on
racial intermixing, which he believed had destroyed the purity of the
Nordic race. Gobineau's theories, which attracted a large and strong following in Germany, emphasized the belief in the existence of an irreconcilable polarity between Aryan and
Jewish cultures. == Religious ==