Sydney Monorail

As part of the redevelopment of of land at Darling Harbour, it was proposed to build a transport link to the Sydney central business district. Sydney City Council preferred a light rail line, however in November 1985 Transport Minister Laurie Brereton announced a monorail would be built. Before November 1984, the consultants Pak-Poy & Kneebone Pty. Ltd. were engaged by the Ministry of Transport and the Public Works Department "to assess the physical and financial feasibility of new light rail systems in the Sydney Central Business District". The assessment was "with particular application to the Darling Harbour Re-Development" but included possible extension to other locations. In "early 1985" the Darling Harbour Authority received more than 20 expressions of interest for a proposed people mover. The monorail was hinted at in the August 1985 Glebe Island Arterial (Anzac Bridge) Environmental Impact Statement before the public announcement. It stated a "people mover" was being considered at Darling Harbour, but that details were not available at the time of writing. Other options under consideration included new ferry services and a shuttle rail service to a new passenger station near the Powerhouse Museum. The first test services ran in October 1987 on a 500-metre section at Darling Harbour. Initially operated by TNT Harbourlink, the monorail opened on 21 July 1988 after a construction period of 26 months. The monorail was originally due to be completed by January 1988, to celebrate the Australian Bicentenary. TNT Harbourlink was awarded a 50-year concession until 2038. The original operation hours were to be 06:00 to midnight, but after two years of operation patronage counts were half those expected, and planned stations at Market Street (to be named Casino, as part of the gaming venue planned to be built on the site) and Harbour Street (to be named Gardenside) were not built for some time. On 10 August 1998, TNT sold the monorail to CGEA Transport Sydney, which was owned by CGEA Transport (later renamed Connex, then Veolia Transport) (51%) and Australian Infrastructure Fund (19%), Utilities Trust of Australia (19%) and Legal & General (11%). The latter three also owned the Sydney Light Rail Company (SLRC), which owned the Metro Light Rail (now Sydney Light Rail) on a 30.5 year concession since 1997 by the Government of New South Wales. Connex (renamed from CGEA Transport in 1999) sold its share of the monorail in early 2001 to the SLRC, but remained as the operator of the monorail. As a result, SLRC owned both the monorail and light rail and combined with CGEA Transport to form Metro Transport Sydney. The monorail operator was renamed to Veolia Transport Sydney in 2005 as part of the global Veolia rebranding from Connex to Veolia Transport. In 2011, Veolia Transport globally merged with the old Transdev to form Veolia Transdev, and Veolia Transport Sydney became a subsidiary of Veolia Transdev (now Transdev). Government takeover and cessation The Government of New South Wales bought both the monorail and the light rail service from Metro Transport Sydney on 23 March 2012 to enable it to extend the light rail system without having to negotiate with the private owners, and to remove the monorail from the area near Haymarket required for the expanded Sydney Convention & Exhibition Centre. Veolia Transport Sydney continued to operate the light rail and monorail after the government takeover. The monorail ceased operating on 30 June 2013 and all sections of track and some of the stations have been dismantled. Around 70 million passenger journeys were made on the line during its lifetime. Two carriages and 10 metres of track have been preserved at the Powerhouse Museum. Two carriages are being used as meeting rooms at Google's Pyrmont offices. ==Ticketing and concessions==

Payment for single journeys was made by tokens inserted into the turnstile. For multiple journeys, customers could purchase pre-paid cards. TNT launched the Harbourlink card shortly after the monorail opened. The next card type was introduced when CGEA Transport (later Metro Transport Sydney) took over monorail operations. This card was based on magnetic stripe technology and called the METROCard. Shortly before the closure of the Monorail, a new contactless card was introduced called smart. ==Technology==

The track was a steel box girder of width, raised at a minimum height of from ground level on steel columns apart. The minimum curve radius was , and the maximum gradient 4.4% uphill and 6.5% downhill. Power was supplied at 500 V 50 Hz 3-phase AC to power the train, via a sheathed conductor below the running plate of the track. A control rail was also provided for train control, and a generator provided to clear trains from the track in emergencies. The train control and maintenance facility was located between Convention and Paddy's Market stations, where a traverser moved trains in and out of service. Each station stop took 40 seconds, including the time to decelerate, board passengers, and accelerate again. A complete circuit of the route took 12 minutes. It was originally intended for the system to operate automatically, but after a number of breakdowns soon after opening, it was decided to retain drivers, who occupied the first car of each train. ==Rolling stock==

monorail cars Delivered in 1987, six trains of seven carriages were built by Von Roll Holding to the Type III specification. Each seated 48 passengers, with the driver occupying the leading carriage. (They were designed to seat 56, using all seven carriages.) The first was displayed at the Trans Public Show in Geneva, Switzerland in May 1987. The monorail trains ran on rubber wheels, and each seven-car train had six traction motors, permitting a normal operating speed of . The doors of each car were automatic, and the floor level was self-adjusting via an automatic suspension system. Each train was long, wide, and high. Set 1 was stored following a significant collision between it and Set 4 in early 2010. The last carriage in Set 1 was removed from the set, and used to replace the damaged last carriage in Set 4. When operations ceased in June 2013, sets 2 – 6 were operational. ==Stations==

The monorail operated in a single anticlockwise loop with stops at the following stations (in order): ==Maintenance and control facilities==

passing underneath in July 2013 The six monorail units were maintained in a purpose-built facility in Pyrmont. A traverser allowed monorail cars to be removed from the main track for maintenance or stabling. Maintenance of track and stations was conducted at night with two special vehicles, named "Buggy" and "Mule". The facility also housed the control room (located above the maintenance area), as well as administration and staff amenities. ==Criticism==

The decision to build the monorail over other forms of public transport such as light rail was seen as a political decision. The government enacted legislation to exempt the project from certain sections of the Environmental Planning and Assessment Act 1979, and an environmental impact study was refused. The activist group Sydney Citizens Against the Proposed Monorail (SCAPM) was formed in 1985, which organised rallies against the monorail project during and before its construction. Former Sydney City Council alderman Jack Mundey was an active leader of SCAPM who scrutinised the government's handling of the project. The monorail was also condemned by the Royal Australian Institute of Architects, the Royal Australian Planning Institute, and Liberal opposition leader Nick Greiner, who would inherit the project in the following 1988 state election. ==Incidents==

On 28 July 1988, an electrical fault caused the system to cease operating. Fifty passengers were stranded in carriages for two hours between 3:50 and 5:50 pm. TNT Harbourlink was criticised for failing to call emergency services until 5:40; by the time the fire brigade arrived at the scene, the passengers were en route to disembarking at a station. In July 1992, monorail services were suspended due to a fire in a wool store building which caused a wall to collapse 'within metres' of TNT Harbourlink's central control room offices. On 27 February 2010, at approximately 16:00, two monorail trains collided at the Darling Park station resulting in hospitalisation of four people. On 24 September 2012, just before 14:00, an Ausgrid failure in a local underground cable led to a complete shutdown of the system resulting in the need for cherry-pickers to come to rescue approximately 100 stranded passengers, a process which took several hours. It was the first time since 2000 that Fire & Rescue New South Wales had to be called to help people from the line. ==Removal==

in September 2013 Transport for New South Wales released a document called "Monorail Removal Project Interpretation Strategy" in July 2013. Premier Barry O'Farrell said on 23 March 2012 regarding its removal: Deputy Mayor of Hobart, Alderman, Ron Christie unsuccessfully asked the NSW government to donate the monorail to Hobart to allow it to be used on a route from the CBD to the northern suburbs. Google purchased two carriages for use as meeting rooms at its Pyrmont office. The monorail was demolished in 2013. The temporary bridge allowed the station to be dug underneath Brookhollow Avenue, allowing the road to be closed for only a few months instead of three years as originally proposed. The bridge was dismantled in 2017 as the final station structure was being built. In January 2015, 22 carriages were put up for sale on Gumtree at $3,000 per carriage. Many of these carriages were subsequently sold to an Australian expatriate now living in Taiwan. One was sold to a pair of radio hosts. Four, which comprise the only set of carriages preserved with all running gear that includes both a front and a rear carriage as well as middle carriages, other than the full train preserved by the Sydney Electric Train Society, were sold to a Sydney resident who plans to restore them to running condition. Three Monorail stations remain: Darling Park, Chinatown, and World Square. The Convention and Galeries Victoria stations were demolished just after the monorail closed, Paddys Market was demolished in 2015, City Centre was demolished in 2019, and Harbourside was demolished in 2023. ==Preservation==

Eleven carriages from three of the six monorail trains have been preserved and two carriages converted.. ==In popular culture==

The Monorail system was used for scenes in The Saint: Fear in Fun Park and Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: The Movie, where one train set had "Angel Grove" painted on it. It was also briefly featured in the 1995 Australian film Napoleon and the 1999 Australian cult film Two Hands. The monorail is featured in the songs "Riding My Train" from the Muppets video Muppets on Wheels and Jaane Kyon from the 2001 Bollywood movie Dil Chahta Hai. Clive James, in his 1991 Postcard from Sydney television special said, "Feted to break even the day hell freezes over, the monorail runs from the middle of downtown Sydney, to the middle of downtown Sydney, after circumnavigating the middle of downtown Sydney". ==References==