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Tacanan languages

Tacanan is a family of languages spoken in Bolivia, with Ese’ejja also spoken in Peru. It may be related to the Panoan languages. Many of the languages are endangered.

Family division
TacananEse Ejja ( Ese’eha, Tiatinagua, Chama, Huarayo, Guacanawa, Chuncho, Eseʼexa, Tatinawa, Ese exa) • Araona–Tacana • Araona ( Carina, Cavina) • Cavineña–Tacana • Cavineña ( Kavinenya) • Tacana • Tacana ( Tupamasa, Takana) • Reyesano ( San Borjano, Maropa) • Toromona (?) Toromono may be extinct. Another extinct Tacanan language is Mabenaro; Arasa has been classified as Tacanan, but appears to have more in common with Panoan. Loukotka (1968) Below is a full list of Tacanan language varieties listed by Loukotka (1968), including names of unattested varieties. • Tacana - language with many relationships with the Arawak and Pano languages, spoken on the Beni River, Tuichi River, and Tequeje River, territory of Colonia, Bolivia; now spoken by only a few families. Dialects are: • Tumupasa / Maracáni - spoken on the Uchipiamona River in the same region. • Isiama / Ydiama - spoken on the Unduma River and around Ydiama. • Araona - spoken on the Madre de Dios River and Manuripi River in Colonia, Bolivia • Capechene / Capaheni - unknown language spoken on the Xapuri River and Rosiano River, Acre territory, Brazil. (Unattested.) • Sapiboca - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Reyes, Beni province, Bolivia. • Chirigua / Shiribá - extinct language once spoken at the old mission of Santa Buenaventura, Beni. (Unattested.) • Guarizo - extinct language once spoken at the old missions of Reyes and San Antonio de Isiama. • Maropa - spoken in the vicinity of Lake Rogoaguado, Beni, now probably extinct. • Guacanahua / Chama / '''Ese'ejja''' - spoken by a small tribe on the Madidi River and Undumo River, La Paz province, Bolivia. • Mabenaro - spoken on the Manuripi River. • Caviña / Cavineña - once spoken on the Cavinas River, Madidi River, and Beni River, now probably extinct. • Toromona - once spoken between the Madidi River, Beni River, and Madre de Dios River, now perhaps extinct. • Arasa - language spoken by the greater part of the Arazaire tribe (of Pano stock) on the Marcopata River and Arasa River. • Tiatinagua / Mohino / Chuncho / Huarayo / Baguaja / Tambopata-Guarayo / Echoja - spoken by a tribe on the Peru-Bolivia border, on the Tambopata River. ==Language contact==
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Kayuvava, Tupi, and Arawak language families due to contact. ==Vocabulary==
Vocabulary
Sample vocabulary of four Tacanan languages, along with Proto-Panoan for comparison, from Nikulin (2019): : ==Verbal morphology==
Verbal morphology
Associated motion Tacanan languages, in particular Cavineña and Ese Ejja, have among the richest associated motion systems in the world's languages. ==Further reading==
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