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Taksin's reunification of Siam

Following the Sack of Ayutthaya and the collapse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767) during the Burmese–Siamese War (1765–1767), a power vacuum left Siam divided into 5 autonomous cliques —Phimai, Phitsanulok, Sawangkhaburi, Nakhon Si Thammarat, and Thonburi. The Burmese invasion force, having returned to Burma off their successful sack of Ayutthaya and to defend its homeland against an imposing Chinese invasion of Ava, were too preoccupied to take advantage of the power vacuum in Siam.

Background
Origin of Taksin Taksin was born in 1734 with the birth name Sin () or Zheng Xin (鄭新). His father, Zheng Yong (鄭鏞), was a Teochew Chinese merchant and tax collector Guangdong, to serve in Siam. His mother, Nok-iang The story of the early formative years of Taksin is mostly drawn from Miraculous Deeds of Ancestors (), a work that was officially published in 1930 and may be attributed to the Thai historian K.S.R. Kulap. According to this narrative, Taksin was adopted by a Siamese high-ranking minister toppling the centuries-old Burmese Toungoo dynasty. The power vacuum left Aung Zeiya, citing the incompetency of Ekkathat as the reason of his decision. Thepphiphit was repatriated to Siam in 1762, arriving at the port city of Tenasserim. Ekkathat was surprised by the return of his half-brother and had him confined in Chanthaburi, on the eastern coast. Burma conquered Lanna in 1763 and the Lao kingdoms of Luang Phrabang and Vientiane in 1765, securing all of the Siamese northern frontiers. In 1765, the new Burmese king, Hsinbyushin, launched a pincer-movement campaign against Siam by ordering his forces to invade from both the north and the west, with the goal of converging on Ayutthaya. Meanwhile, Thepphiphit, still confined in Chanthaburi, volunteered to lead a resistance against the Burmese and gathered his forces at Prachinburi. However, he was defeated—either by the Burmese or by forces sent by King Ekkathat, who distrusted his half-brother. The prince fled to Nakhon Ratchasima. In November 1766, Taksin and Phraya Phetchaburi Rueang led the Siamese riverine fleet to face the Burmese at Wat Sangkhawat in the southeastern outskirts of Ayutthaya near Wat Yai Chaimongkhon. The Siamese were defeated, and Phraya Phetchaburi Rueang was killed in battle. Taksin was later blamed for the loss of his comrade. Prince Thepphiphit in Phimai After his defeat at Prachinburi, Prince Thepphiphit went through the Chong Ruea Taek Pass to Nakhon Ratchasima (Khorat). He sent gifts to Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima, the governor of the city, seeking an alliance. However, Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima rejected the offer and threatened to arrest the prince. In response, Thepphiphit gathered a force of 450 men and secretly sent his son, Prince Prayong, disguised, into Khorat. On September 17, 1766, Prince Prayong's forces ambushed and assassinated Phraya Nakhon Ratchasima. Thepphiphit then seized control of the city. Luang Phaeng, the younger brother of the slain governor, fled to take refuge in Phimai with Phra Phimai, the governor of the city. Five days later, on September 22, Phra Phimai and Luang Phaeng brought forces to attack Khorat. Luang Phaeng successfully recaptured the city on September 26, avenging his brother's death. Thepphiphit's sons, including Prince Prayong, were executed. Luang Phaeng proposed executing Thepphiphit as well, but Phra Phimai intervened and took the prince with him back to Phimai. It turned out that Phra Phimai was loyal to Thepphiphit. At Phimai, he declared Thepphiphit a king. From that point, Thepphiphit became known as Chao Phimai (). Phra Phimai was appointed Prime Minister with the title Chaophraya Suriyawong. His two sons were granted the noble titles Phraya Mahamontri and Phraya Worawongsa. Phra Phimai then devised a plan to kill Luang Phaeng. He paid a visit to Luang Phaeng in Khorat. Luang Phaeng trusted their friendship, so he did not suspect anything. While they were watching a traditional performance together, Phra Phimai rose up and killed Luang Phaeng with his sword. Phra Phimai then took control of Nakhon Ratchasima and left his son, Phraya Worawongsa, to govern the city. By late 1766, the Phimai kingdom, under the leadership of Prince Thepphiphit, had emerged with authority extending across the Khorat Plateau. == List of kings during the interregnum of the five kingdoms after the fall (1767–1770) ==
List of kings during the interregnum of the five kingdoms after the fall (1767–1770)
Kingdom of Phitsanulok Kingdom of Sawangkhaburi Kingdom of Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom of Phimai == Taksin's journey to the east ==
Taksin's journey to the east
Departure from Ayutthaya . Taksin holds a daab (dha) sword in his right hand and wears a metal breastplate, helmet and pauldrons. , was the site where Taksin gathered his followers in January 1767.By January 1767, the situation for Ayutthaya's defenders had become dire, as food supply depleted and more people surrendered to the Burmese besiegers. An earlier incident highlighted this desperation—when Siamese gunpowder was running low, King Ekkathat ordered that every cannon shot had to be pre-permitted by the royal court. at Wat Phichai Songkhram, just outside the city's eastern wall. These original followers included: That night, before midnight, Taksin led his followers in a successful breakout through the Burmese line to the east. By midnight, a great fire broke out in Ayutthaya, so illuminated that can be seen by Taksin. On January 4, the Burmese followed and caught up with him at Phosaohan, about twenty kilometers east of Ayutthaya. Taksin led his Chinese-Siamese forces in successfully repelling them—the first victory after his departure. On January 5, a local leader, Khun Chamnan Phraison (), Phraya Chanthaburi pretended to comply and promised to visit Taksin in Rayong. After waiting ten days without response, He sent Phraya Phichairacha to deliver a "royal letter" to Mạc Thiên Tứ, reaching Banteay Mas on March 28, 1767—marking their first official contact. effectively destroying it and bringing an end to Ayutthaya’s 417-year status as the capital of the Siamese kingdom. King Ekkathat, the last ruler of Ayutthaya, died shortly after the fall—either from starvation or from a random gunshot After their victory, the Burmese were obliged to withdraw most of its forces from Ayutthaya to the upcoming Sino-Burmese War at Phimai in late 1766 in the northeast. Among the various claimants to power, Prince Thepphiphit was the only one who asserted legitimacy through lineage to the fallen Ayutthayan Ban Phlu Luang dynasty. Appointing ministers as if he were the legitimate monarch • Chaophraya Phitsanulok (Rueang), the governor of Phitsanulok, declared himself King of Northern Siam. Phitsanulok, being a key administrative center, became his power base. • Chao Phra Fang, a local Buddhist monk, established a theocratic regime at Sawangkhaburi near the northern frontiers, declared himself King in Sawangkhaburi. His government included fellow monks who governed alongside him, all dressed in red robes. • In the south, Phra Palat Nu, the acting governor of Nakhon Si Thammarat (Ligor), declared himself Chao Nakhon, King of Southern Siam. His predecessor, Phraya Ratchasuphawadi, had been imprisoned during Ayutthaya’s final days, leaving Phra Palat Nu to take control after the city’s fall. • Taksin, who had established his base in Rayong, also declared himself a sovereign ruler. Conquest of Chanthaburi from Ayutthaya to Chanthaburi and his return to reconquer Ayutthaya in 1767, according to traditional Thai historiography. In the late Ayutthaya period, Teochew Chinese immigrants had settled in the eastern coastal port cities of Siam, especially in Chonburi and Chanthaburi. Chanthaburi had become a major Chinese entrepôt. That night, Taksin launched an assault on Chanthaburi. The city responded with heavy gunfire. A bullet narrowly missed Taksin as he rode an elephant. The elephant mahout commanded the elephant to retreat for safety but Taksin threatened to execute the mahout for disobedience and instead used his knife to puncture his elephant, causing it a great pain as it ran amok to destroy the city gate. Chanthaburi fell to Taksin that same night. Phraya Chanthaburi and his family fled and sought refuge in Banteay Mas. Conquest of Trat After capturing Chanthaburi, Taksin and his forces continued overland to Trat, the easternmost Siamese port city on the eastern coast. There, he encountered a group of Teochew Chinese merchant-pirates anchored at the port who refused to submit to his authority. Taksin ordered his troops to launch an attack on the pirates. The fighting occurred for half a day until Taksin eventually prevailed. Many of the Chinese pirates were killed in the battle. Chiam () the leader of the pirates submitted to Taksin. De Fels proposed that Chiam was the same person as Chen Tai (陳太, called Trần Thái in Vietnamese), the Teochew Chinese pirate who had earlier attacked Hà Tiên but was defeated by the forces of Mạc Thiên Tứ. With the conquest of Trat, Taksin put the whole eastern Siamese coastline stretching from Chonburi to Trat under his control. == Reconquest of Ayutthaya ==
Reconquest of Ayutthaya
Taksin spent three months assembling his navy at a shipyard dock in Ban Samet Ngam, Chanthaburi. In October 1767, He and his retinue, numbering to 5,000 men, The ensuing Battle of Thonburi ended in Taksin's victory and the death of Thong-in. He then advanced north to attack the remaining Burmese garrison at Phosamton. Taksin managed to seize the Burmese Phosamton camp within two days He rode an elephant to take a look on the city of Ayutthaya. He found the former Siamese royal city to be in ruins, with human corpses and bones scattering around. Taksin made the Thonburi port-city near the Chao Phraya delta his base and capital For strategic reasons, however, Taksin decided not to make his base at Ayutthaya. but the Maengki Manya pressed on heavily. King Taksin assigned Phra Mahamontri Boonma as his vanguard with himself leading the Siamese troops to repel the Burmese at Bang Kung, going by sea with twenty vessels. The situation for the Chinese defenders of Bang Kung was critical but King Taksin managed to arrive on time and defeat the Burmese in the Battle of Bangkung in 1768. Maengki Manya the governor of Tavoy was defeated and retreated. The Battle of Bangkung was the first victory of King Taksin over the Burmese after his enthronement as king. == Reunification of Siam ==
Reunification of Siam
Battle of Koeichai After taking control of Lower Central Siam, King Taksin of Thonburi then began his campaigns to subjugate the rival warlord cliques and to unify Siam. He first moved against the Phitsanulok kingdom to the north, leading to the Battle of Koeichai in 1768. King Taksin and the Thonburi armies were defeated However, Chaophraya Phitsanulok Rueang died shortly after from a coughing fit Phra In-akorn was executed and Phitsanulok was incorporated into Sawangkhaburi. The inhabitants and ammunitions of Phitsanulok were transported to Sawangkhaburi. However, the old nobles who had supported Chaophraya Phitsanulok Rueang gave Chao Phra Fang no supports. who was a son of Chaophraya Chamnan Borrirak, (The governor of Phatthalung was Phra Phimol or Pia Pimon – the husband of Lady Chan). King Taksin embarked on the campaign to pursue and capture Chaophraya Nakhon Nu. Taksin commanded Phraya Phichairacha to lead the Thonburi armies and Chakri Mud to lead the navy to pursue Nakhon Nu to Songkhla. King Taksin and the royal fleet left Nakhon Si Thammarat on October 6 for Songkhla. Phichairacha and Chakri Mud were informed that Nakhon Nu had already taken refuge in Pattani so they sent a letter to the Sultan of Pattani, urging the sultan to surrender Nakhon Nu and his family. Sultan Muhammad of Pattani was in no position to protect the fugitives and decided to turn the governors of Ligor, Songkhla and Phatthalung over to the Siamese to avoid attack. In December 1769, Taksin held a three-day celebration event at Wat Phra Mahathat in Ligor. His daughter Lady Chim became a consort of King Taksin and bore him sons. Nakhon Nu and his household were initially placed under house arrest inside the Thonburi city wall. After two years, Nakhon Nu was allowed to establish his own residential compounds at Ban Kruay. (). He travelled to Ayutthaya to study Buddhist Pāli canon and was later appointed as an abbot or patriarch In July 1770, the 2,200 flintlock muskets arrived in Thonburi from Batavia and Terengganu. and might have instigated the Burmese to subsequently attack the Northern Siamese border towns of Sawankhalok in 1771 and Phichai in 1772–1773. == Invasion of Hà Tiên ==
Invasion of Hà Tiên
The last of Taksin's rivals, the Cantonese merchant ruler of Hà Tiên (Banteay Mas), Mạc Thiên Tứ, threatened Taksin's newfound hegemony over Siam by repeatedly attempting to destabilize the new Thonburi Kingdom while Taksin was away from his capital. In a final response, in 1771, Taksin launched a retaliatory land and naval assault on Hà Tiên, which resulted in Mo Thien Tu's flight from the island, ending the last serious threat to Taksin's conquests. == Conclusion ==
Conclusion
With King Taksin's attack on the port of Hà Tiên in 1771, putting its Cantonese merchant-prince to flight, King Taksin had effectively quelled the last of his rivals over his dominance of a reunified Siam. Taksin managed to occupy almost all of the traditional Ayutthayan territories (with the exception of the Tenasserim Coast) and temporarily captured Hà Tiên, indicating Taksin's future ambitions of expanding outside Ayutthaya's sphere of influence. After the Fall of Ayutthaya in 1767, Siam ran the risk of permanent fragmentation into different Thai states. and the Sino-Burmese War was reluctantly put to the end. It took a while for the Burmese King Hsinbyushin to realize in 1772 that Siam had recovered and emerged under the new Thonburi regime as the Burmese king initiated his new campaigns to subjugate Siam. However, Siam proved to be more prepared in the face of Burmese invasions than it used to be previously. This eventually culminated in the Burmese–Siamese War (1775–1776), a war that could have destroyed Siam, according to historian Nidhi Eoseewong, and devastated the Northern Cities and Lan Na, depopulating the two regions until well into the 19th century. == See also ==
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