Racing and feuding The site, from
San Francisco, was chosen to circumvent a ban on gambling that had been implemented on March 13, 1899, which closed down the Ingleside track in the southwestern corner of the city. The
San Francisco Board of Supervisors (SFBoS) attempted to re-legalize gambling as
betting with pool selling in July, but the measure was vetoed by
Mayor James D. Phelan.
Edward C. Corrigan, who operated Ingleside, lost a $250,000 investment he had made in the track, spurring him to start a new track outside San Francisco. Corrigan organized a team of investors, the Western Turf Association, for this purpose; the principal shareholders were banker
William H. Crocker and his brother-in-law
Prince Andre Poniatowski, a self-styled nobleman who wintered in San Francisco. The Western Turf Association acquired of land in San Bruno and began construction of the grandstand by September 1899, which was estimated to cost and scheduled to open in time for the season in November. The facility was named after Toribio Tanforan, the grandson-in-law of Jose Antonio Sanchez, the grantee of the
Rancho Buri Buri Mexican land grant. Approximately 700 men labored to complete the new track, and by late September, paving work had begun for the road servicing Tanforan Park, requiring of gravel. The race track, then named
Tanfaran Park, opened for racing on November 4, 1899. The oval track was oriented with its major axis lying along an imaginary line between the
Golden Gate and
Mount Hamilton. at the
Emeryville Shellmound in what is now
Emeryville), and to split the remaining half between
Ingleside in San Francisco and the new Tanfaran Park track in San Bruno. The track's name quickly was corrupted to Tanforan Park within that first winter season, which lasted just two weeks, holding six races per weekday, from 1:30 PM to 4 PM. In addition, six
stakes races were scheduled to be run. The first season was marred a feud between Corrigan, the owner of Ingleside and
de facto leader of Tanforan, and Thomas H. Williams Jr., President of the California Jockey Club, which had been founded by his father,
Thomas H. Williams Sr. Corrigan's initial bitterness stemmed from the closure of Ingleside in 1899, as he felt that Williams Jr. had influenced the decision to shut down gambling in San Francisco and in so doing, secure a monopoly on horse racing in the Bay Area for Oakland. This included Corrigan scheduling a race at Tanforan Park with a purse the same day as the
Burns Handicap at Oakland, which carried an identical purse, thinning the field at Oakland. Compounding matters, the finances of the Western Turf Association were called into question during a trial that March. By August of that year, Corrigan was out after
Poniatowski, president of the San Francisco Jockey Club, acquired a controlling interest in both the Ingleside and Tanforan Park tracks. Second season stakes races at Tanforan Park included the
Winter Handicap, with a purse of on January 26, 1901;
Eclipse, on February 2;
California Oaks, on February 9;
California Derby, on March 2;
Spring Handicap, on March 30; and
Great Trial Stakes, on April 27. The feud between Tanforan and Cal Jockey was not resolved by pushing out Corrigan, however; in February 1901, a "declaration of war" was made when Poniatowski stated that racing would continue at Tanforan indefinitely to draw competitors and bettors away from Oakland, as he felt that Williams Jr. had improperly influenced San Mateo County to shorten Tanforan's season. Williams in turn saw the prolonged session as a violation of the 1899 agreement to split the racing season between the three tracks and vowed to keep the California Jockey Club operating as well. The SFBoS again passed a measure permitting pool selling in early March 1901, bringing hopes the Ingleside track could be reopened, but the measure was vetoed by Mayor Phelan, renewing the ban on gambling in San Francisco. Williams settled the dispute a few days later by purchasing both Ingleside and Tanforan Park from the San Francisco Jockey Club for ; Poniatowski admitted that Phelan's veto influenced his decision to sell. Bay Area racing was consolidated under the New California Jockey Club, incorporating members from the Western Turf Association, Pacific Coast Jockey Club, and San Francisco Jockey Club, and the last race of the season at Tanforan Park was held on April 19. Although horse racing continued at Tanforan intermittently that fall, in January 1902 Williams announced that no more horses would be raced at both Ingleside and Tanforan Park. However, the track continued to operate, as some horses were kept at Tanforan to prepare for races at Oakland and Ingleside. Williams met with sugar magnate
Adolph B. Spreckels in April 1903 and agreed to lease Tanforan to Spreckels for automobile racing. As a result of the feuds and leases, Tanforan Park saw a variety of uses during its early years, including
dog shows,
motorcycle races, and
auto races. By 1908, Williams stated the track at Tanforan Park would be extended and horse racing might resume after the
Bayshore Cutoff had improved rail passenger service to the site; however, the Ingleside track, which had been used to house people displaced by the
1906 San Francisco earthquake, was unlikely to reopen. Horse racing resumed that fall, with the final race of the 1908 season held on November 1.
Air Meets and World War I In January 1910, Tanforan Park served as the site for the San Francisco International Air Meet, which was the second aviation event in the United States, following
the inaugural event held in Los Angeles the week before. The Air Meet was organized by the Pacific Aero Club and attended by aviation notables
Louis Paulhan and
John J. Montgomery. Attempts to take off were scrubbed on January 23 due to stormy conditions. Paulhan first took flight on January 24, covering in 12 minutes after the storm that had thwarted his takeoff attempts earlier had passed; it was the first recorded flight in northern California. The next day, he flew for at an altitude of between , witnessed by 30,000 spectators, the largest crowd to ever visit Tanforan Park; finally, to close the exhibition, Paulhan took off from Tanforan Park at 3:55 PM on January 26 and flew to Redwood City and back in 31 minutes, 30 seconds, a distance of at an altitude ranging from . Paulhan's flights were taken in his
Farman III biplane. After watching Paulhan flying at Tanforan in 1910,
Ivan Gates was inspired to begin his career of exhibition flying. Approximately one year later, the San Francisco International Air Meet opened on January 7, 1911, with American aviators
Glenn Curtiss,
Eugene Burton Ely, and
Charles F. Willard scheduled to fly alongside
Hubert Latham (France) and
James Radley (England). This time, a new airfield on the opposite side of the
interurban tracks from Tanforan Park was used, named Selfridge Field (not to be confused with
the later air base in Michigan) to honor Lt.
Thomas Selfridge. The first
aerial reconnaissance flight was held the next day, as Lt.
George E.M. Kelly and
Walter Brookins flew at an altitude of , unsuccessfully trying to locate ground troops that had taken shelter in wooded areas nearby. On January 18, Ely took off from Tanforan in his
Curtiss Model D airplane and landed on the , an armored cruiser temporarily fitted with a short flight deck and anchored in
San Francisco Bay. This was the first ever successful shipboard landing of an aircraft, and the first to use the
tailhook system, leading to today's
aircraft carrier technology. Later that same day, Ely took off from the
Pennsylvania (now pointed into the wind) and landed back at Tanforan. Finally, on January 21, Lt.
Paul W. Beck was the passenger and radio operator for the first air-to-ground wireless transmission on a flight piloted by Parmalee; the transmitter was designed and built by Beck and the signal was received from a distance of . A third air meet at Tanforan Park started on December 25, 1912, with flying exhibitions to feature local pilots
Lincoln Beachey and
Tom Gunn; in addition to close passes and other aerial acrobatics, Beachey raced in his airplane against an automobile (driven by "Daredevil" Edwards) and motorcycle. Beachey also was scheduled to present a game of "aerial leapfrog" with his friend and fellow stunt pilot Horace Kearny, but Kearny was killed ten days before the event opened in an apparent crash while flying in a
"hydro-aeroplane" with reporter Chester Lawrence from Newport Beach; Roy Francis performed the stunt with Beachey instead. presents
Katherine Stinson with a medal from China at Tanforan Park (1917) Tanforan was temporarily converted into a
United States military training center in summer 1917 during
World War I. Camp Tanforan was used by the "Grizzlies", a volunteer regiment organized as the 144th Field Artillery of the
United States Army. The Grizzlies held their first muster at Tanforan on August 31, 1917 and departed for Camp
Linda Vista (later renamed to
Camp Kearny), near San Diego, for further preparation on October 25. To help raise funds for the Grizzlies, aviator
Katherine Stinson flew to the track in December 1917 for aerial exhibitions, setting a nonstop solo aerial distance record of from San Diego in the process. At Tanforan, Gunn presented Stinson with a medal from China in recognition of her Asian tour over the winter of 1916–17. The 1500 soldiers of the Grizzlies arrived safely overseas in August 1918 and began returning from the war in January 1919.
Gambling bans and interwar revival Meanwhile, the ban on "pool selling" had been extended statewide on January 31, 1911, effectively ending horse racing at Tanforan Park. The grandstand and stables were dismantled in December 1918 after "rapidly [degenerating] into a home for hobos and spiders" between the 1911 ban and the site's 1917 reactivation as Camp Tanforan, followed by foreclosure proceedings in 1918 against Cal Jockey which forced the property's sale. The track was rebuilt in 1922 and reopened without betting for the 1923 and 1924 seasons through the subsidy of the Pacific Coast Jockey Club, a group of prominent area businessmen led by Adolph B. Spreckels, who was Club president and had previously leased the track for auto racing in 1903. The club announced its intentions to reopen Tanforan as a "clean sport" without betting shortly after incorporating in January 1922. Work on the steel grandstand, which had a seated capacity of 5000 spectators and an estimated cost of , started in December 1922. The new owners were
John W. Marchbank and
William P. Kyne. Other officials of Pacific Coast Jockey Club included
Herbert Fleishhacker and
John D. Stelling. A rodeo was held at the same time, featuring an appearance by
Douglas Fairbanks and
Mary Pickford on September 9. The 1923 season was scheduled to run from November 3 to December 1, with six races each day except Sundays. There were nine scheduled stakes events that season. Horse racing was planned to be discontinued again after the 1924 spring season; the track had sustained a loss conservatively estimated at , making it impossible to operate without legalized betting. As before, the track turned to auto racing and other events, including considering the installation of a
boxing ring, although it was alleged that betting continued on at least one occasion. Intermittent operation continued in the 1920s, with bet-less racing held in 1926 and 1928. Marchbank, Kyne, and Judge Joseph A. Murphy introduced "option" betting after the 1928 season, allowing the track to resume more regular operation. The
California Horse Racing Board was created in 1933 to regulate and license horse racing in California, including wagering on the results; the legislation which allowed
parimutuel betting was championed by Kyne. Kyne had first pushed the bill in 1931, then after the Governor vetoed a version that passed in 1933, lobbied for its subsequent successful passage. In 1932, Kyne sold his interest in Tanforan Park and completed the Bay Meadows race track in 1934 in nearby San Mateo. That year, Tanforan was rebuilt again and a full racing season was held for the first time since 1924. In this third incarnation,
Hollywood film director Frank Capra filmed scenes at Tanforan Park for two of his films,
Broadway Bill (1934) and its remake,
Riding High (1950). Prominent local banker
William H. Crocker appeared in the background of a scene for
Broadway Bill.
Tanforan Assembly Center , 1942. Tanforan Park was acquired by the
Wartime Civil Control Administration in April 1942 and from April to October 1942, used as the
Tanforan Assembly Center, where 7,800 Japanese-Americans from the
San Francisco Bay Area were held after the signing of
Executive Order 9066. For comparison, the population of San Bruno was 6,519 in 1940. The detainees were mostly
U.S. citizens by birth, and were housed in temporary barracks, converted horse stalls, and the grandstand. Tanforan was one of several temporary Assembly Centers that were chosen "close to home" so that detainees could settle last-minute financial matters, minimize travel distances, and grow acclimated to group living while the permanent "War Relocation Centers" were being built. Conditions at Tanforan were difficult for the detainees, who struggled with sanitation, hunger, loss of freedom, and lack of privacy. Starting in September, the first group of detainees were transferred from Tanforan to the
Topaz War Relocation Center near
Delta, Utah; daily trains carried the remaining detainees to Topaz over the next month. After October 13, the site was turned over the United States Army in October, then the Navy in June 1943, who kept the site for the duration of World War II. The site was collectively named a California Historical Landmark along with other Assembly Centers in 1980. Several memorial plaques have been placed on-site, and a Tanforan Assembly Center Memorial is scheduled to be completed outside the
San Bruno BART station in spring 2022.
Resumption of racing and closure Guy M. Standifer and Jack Ranier purchased the site in 1945 and in spring 1946, the site began a reconstruction as a race track, despite a nationwide shortage of building materials. The reconstruction permit was denied in May 1946 and a federal judge issued an injunction in 1947 to halt work at Tanforan, but the injunction was ignored and rebuilding the track continued; as a result, Standifer was arrested and jailed for three months alongside several other track officials, and after
Eugene Mori took over the track in October 1947, associates of General Vaughan successfully lobbied the Justice Department to lift its injunction prohibiting construction. Racing at Tanforan resumed on March 14, 1947, despite the procurement controversy. At the time, the history as an Assembly Center was elided, and its wartime uses were noted to be merely "as a training and staging area" by the Navy. At the time, the track was owned secretly by ex-bootlegger
Joseph Reinfeld and a minor outrage ensued in 1949 after journalist
Drew Pearson reported that aides to President
Harry Truman, including General
Harry H. Vaughan, had influenced government officials to facilitate the procurement of those materials. A strike in 1957 idled the track, which subsequently was hit with a cheating scandal in 1958. The track was sold to an "Eastern syndicate" on August 26, 1959, for $5 million, then acquired two months later by a group of four investors led by
William G. Gilmore. Gilmore, the owner of Tanforan and Golden Gate Fields, died in 1962 and of the neighboring Navy base was sold to a developer that year for . The last race at Tanforan was held in 1963. The site was sold to the Sunset International Petroleum Corporation in March 1964 for , who planned to build a residential development. Before demolition could commence, a fire started at the grandstand on the afternoon of Friday, July 31, 1964 first reported at 4:55 P.M. (local) by San Francisco chief deputy sheriff Thomas J. Burns; while driving by, Burns had first seen a "flicker of flame" from a cardboard box, then heard an explosion and watched the flames engulf the building while on the telephone. Within minutes, the main wall collapsed; the speed at which the flames spread led San Bruno fire chief Herbert Freitas to suspect it was the product of arson: "This wouldn't happen — this couldn't happen — with normal combustible materials". Approximately 60 firemen responded from several neighboring cities, limiting the destruction to the grandstand and club house. Eventually, the site was cleared and redeveloped as the
Tanforan Park Shopping Center, which opened in 1971. ==Famous race competitors==