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Telnet

Telnet is a client-server application protocol that provides access to virtual terminals of remote systems on local area networks or the Internet. It is a protocol for bidirectional 8-bit communications. Its main goal was to connect terminal devices and terminal-oriented processes.

Description
The telnet protocol is a client-server protocol that runs on a reliable connection-oriented transport. Most often, a telnet client connects over TCP to port 23 or 2323, where a Telnet server application is listening. The Telnet protocol abstracts any terminal as a Network Virtual Terminal (NVT). The client must simulate a NVT using the NVT codes when messaging the server. Telnet predated UDP/IP and originally ran over Network Control Protocol (NCP). The telnet service is best understood in the context of a user with a simple terminal using the local Telnet program (known as the client program) to run a logon session on a remote computer where the user's communications needs are handled by a Telnet server program. Telnet service A Telnet service is an application providing services over the Telnet protocol. Most operating systems provide a service that can be installed or enabled to provide Telnet services to clients. Name The official specification stylizes the name as TELNET, which is not used as an acronym or abbreviation. In his 2015 book WHOIS Running the Internet: Protocol, Policy, and Privacy, Internet researcher Garth O. Bruen claims that Telnet was originally short for "Teletype Over Network Protocol". ==History==
History
Telnet was originally developed for ARPANET in 1969. Initially, it was an ad hoc protocol with no formal specification, but after extensive work in the 1970s, including numerous RFCs, it was officially formalized in and , which together form Internet standard 8. Since then, many additional RFCs have updated or extended the Telnet specification, both to address issues in the original standard and to add new capabilities. Some of these extensions have also been adopted as Internet standards, particularly standards 27 through 32 (see below). ==Security vulnerabilities==
Security vulnerabilities
Telnet is vulnerable to network-based cyberattacks, such as packet sniffing sensitive information including passwords and fingerprinting. Telnet services can be exploited to leak information about the server (such as hostnames, IP addresses, and brand) by packet sniffing the banner. This information can then be searched to determine if a Telnet service accepts a connection without authentication. Telnet is frequently exploited by malware due to being improperly configured. • Telnet, by default, does not encrypt any data sent over the connection (including passwords), and so it is often feasible to eavesdrop on the communications and use the password later for malicious purposes; anybody who has access to a router, switch, hub or gateway located on the network between the two hosts where Telnet is being used can intercept the packets passing by and obtain login, password and whatever else is typed with a packet analyzer. However, most Telnet implementations do not support these extensions; and they do not address other vulnerabilities such as parsing the banner information. ==Uses==
Uses
Historical runs under the Microsoft Telnet Client from a router.|alt=Screenshot of a black screen with the output of the help command and a # prompt. Historically, Telnet provided access to a command-line interface on a remote host. However, because of serious security concerns when using Telnet over an open network such as the Internet, its use for this purpose has waned significantly in favor of SSH. The usage of Telnet for remote management has declined rapidly, especially on the public Internet, in favor of the Secure Shell (SSH) protocol. SSH provides much of the functionality of telnet, with the addition of strong encryption to prevent sensitive data such as passwords from being intercepted, and public key authentication, to ensure that the remote computer is actually who it claims to be. Modern The Telnet protocol is mainly used for legacy equipment that does not support more modern communication mechanisms. For example, many industrial and scientific devices only have Telnet available as a communication option. Some are built with only a standard RS-232 port and use a serial server hardware appliance to provide the translation between the TCP/Telnet data and the RS-232 serial data. In such cases, SSH is not an option unless the interface appliance can be configured for SSH (or is replaced with one supporting SSH). Telnet support has become highly unusual in new applications, though amateur radio operators and multi-user dungeons do continue to utilize it. Security researchers estimated that 7,096,465 exposed systems on the Internet continue to use Telnet as of 2021. However, estimates of this number have varied significantly, depending on the number of ports scanned beyond the default TCP port 23. ==Technical details==
Technical details
The technical details of Telnet are defined by a variety of specifications including . Commands Telnet commands consist of at least two bytes. The first byte is the IAC escape character (byte 255) followed by the byte code for a given command: Interpret As Command All data octets except 0xff are transmitted over Telnet as is. (0xff, or 255 in decimal, is the IAC byte (Interpret As Command) which signals that the next byte is a telnet command. The command to insert 0xff into the stream is 0xff, so 0xff must be escaped by doubling it when sending data over the telnet protocol.) Options Telnet has a variety of options that terminals implementing Telnet should support. ==Client applications==
Client applications
AbsoluteTelnet is a telnet client for Windows. It also supports SSH and SFTP. • cURL is a multi protocol transfer tool and library • Inetutils includes a telnet client and server and is installed by default on many Linux distributions. • Line Mode Browser, a command line web browserNCSA TelnetPuTTY and plink command line are a free, open-source SSH, Telnet, rlogin, and raw TCP client for Windows, Linux, and Unix. • Rtelnet is a SOCKS client version of Telnet, providing similar functionality of telnet to those hosts which are behind firewall and NAT. • RUMBASecureCRT from Van Dyke Software • SyncTERM is a BBS terminal program supporting Telnet, SSHv2, RLogin, Serial, Windows, *nix, and Mac OS X platforms, X/Y/ZMODEM and various BBS terminal emulations • telnet.exe command line utility included in default installation of many versions of Microsoft Windows. • TeraTermZOC Terminal ==In popular culture==
In popular culture
Star Wars: Episode IV – A New Hope from 1977 has been recreated as a text art movie served through Telnet. ==See also==
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