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Circassian languages

Circassian, also known as Cherkess, is a subdivision of the Northwest Caucasian language family, spoken by the Circassian people. There are two main variants of the Circassian language, defined by their literary standards, Adyghe and Kabardian. The languages are highly mutually intelligible with one another, but differ to a degree where they would be considered clear-cut dialects. The earliest extant written records of the Circassian language are in the Arabic script, recorded by the Turkish traveller Evliya Çelebi in the 17th century, although the Greek and Georgian alphabets were adapted for them in ancient and medieval times.

Circassian languages
}} • Circassian languagesAdyghe languageThe Black Sea coast dialectsZhaney dialect • Natukhai dialect (; ) • Shapsug dialect (; ) • North Shapsugs, Great Shapsugs, Kuban Shapsugs dialect (; ) • Kfar Kama dialect (; ): Shapsug dialect spoken by the villagers of Kfar Kama in Israel. • Temirgoy-Shapsugs, Pseuşko accent (; ) • South Shapsugs, Small Shapsugs, Coastal Shapsugs Black Sea Shapsugs (; ) dialect. • Hakuchi dialect (; ) • The Kuban river dialectsBzhedug dialect (; ): Spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea and Biga. • Temirgoy (; ): Literary Adyghe. Also spoken by the Circassians in Republic of Adygea. • Abzakh dialect (; ): Spoken by the Circassians in Rehaniya in Israel and the Circassians in Syria from Golan Heights. • Mamkhegh dialect • Yegeruqway dialect • Hatuqay dialectMakhosh dialect • Kabardian languageKabardian • West Kabardian • Kuban • Kuban-Zelenchuk (Cherkess) • Central Kabardian • Baksan (Basis for the literary language) • Malka • Eastern Kabardian • Terek • Mozdok • North Kabardian • Mulka • Zabardiqa (1925 until 1991 Soviet Zaparika) • Baslaney dialect (; ) == Alphabets ==
Alphabets
Adyghe Alphabet Adyghe language (also known as West Circassian, ; , ) — The language of the west Circassian tribes: Shapsug, Abzakh, Natukhai, Bzhedug, Temirgoy. The Alphabet is based on the Temirgoy dialect. The Circassian alphabet was created in 1918 by the Kabardian linguist Naguma Shora. Kabardian Alphabet Kabardian language (also known as East Circassian, ; , ) — The language of the east Circassian tribes : Kabarday and Baslaney. The Alphabet is based on the Kabardian dialect. == Sound changes ==
Sound changes
Sound changes between Adyghe (Temirgoy) and Kabardian: == Ergative–absolutive ==
Ergative–absolutive
The following example shows an ergative–absolutive case marking system while using the same verb "break" in both intransitive and transitive forms: Here, "table" has the absolutive case mark -р /-r/ while "man" has the ergative case mark -м /-m/. The verb "break" is in the intransitive form "мэкъутэ" and the transitive form "екъутэ". The example above specifically shows SOV order, but Circassian allows any order. == Loanwords ==
Loanwords
Circassian languages contain "many loan-words from Arabic, Turkish, Persian (particularly in the area of religion) and Russian". ==See also==
Literature
• A Dictionary of the Circassian Language, in Two Parts. By Dr. L. Loewe. • Кумахов М. А. Адыгские языки // Языки мира. Кавказские языки. М., 1999. (in Russian)
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