Councils of Carthage

In May 251 a synod, assembled under the presidency of Cyprian to consider the treatment of the Lapsi, excommunicated Felicissimus and five other Novatian bishops (Rigorists), and declared that the lapsi should be dealt with, not with indiscriminate severity, but according to the degree of individual guilt. These decisions were confirmed by a synod of Rome in the autumn of the same year. Other Carthaginian synods concerning the lapsi were held in 252 and 254. ==Synod of 256==

Two synods, in 255 and 256, held under Cyprian, pronounced against the validity of heretical baptism, thus taking direct issue with Stephen I, bishop of Rome, who promptly repudiated them. A third synod in September 256, possibly following the repudiation, unanimously reaffirmed the position of the other two. Stephen's claims to authority as bishop of bishops were sharply resented, and for some time the relations of the Roman and African sees were severely strained. • A variety of unresolved issues related to restoration of the lapsed in faith and the actions of those who had been considered heretics remained to be dealt with at the first ecumenical council. The eighth canon of the council in particular addressed Novationists. ==Synod of 345==

Around 345–348 under Gratus a synod of orthodox bishops, who had met to record their gratitude for the effective official repression of the Circumcelliones (Donatists), declared against the rebaptism of any one who had been baptized in the name of the Trinity, and adopted twelve canons of clerical discipline. ==Synod of 397==

The Council of Carthage, called the third by Denzinger, met on 28 August 397. It reaffirmed the canons of Hippo from 393, and issued its own. It was attended by Augustine of Hippo. One of these gives a canon of the Bible. The primary source of information about the third Council of Carthage comes from the Codex Canonum Ecclesiae Africanae, which presents a compilation of ordinances enacted by various church councils in Carthage during the fourth and fifth centuries. In one section of this code the following paragraph concerning the canon of Scripture appears. The "five books of Solomon", according to Augustine, were Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs, Wisdom, and Sirach (or Ecclesiasticus). The two books of Esdras are interpreted by the Council of Trent as Ezra and Nehemiah. The four Books of Kings are 1 Samuel, 2 Samuel, 1 Kings and 2 Kings. The two books of Paraleipomena are 1 and 2 Chronicles. The council determination that 'two books of Esdras' were to be considered canonical led to some debate over which two books the council referred to. Prior to the publication of Jerome's Vulgate, the Vetus Latina and the Septuagint were widely used; in these translation, the two books of Esdras are Ezra–Nehemiah and 1 Esdras, and excluded 2 Esdras. The New Cambridge History of the Bible writes that 3 Esdras and 4 Esdras were "declared apocryphal by the Council of Trent". ==Conference of 411==

arguing with Donatists The Conference of Carthage, held by the command of the Emperor Honorius in 411 with a view to terminating the Donatist schism, while not strictly a synod, was one of the most important assemblies in the history of the African sees, and of the whole Catholic Church. It was presided over by Marcellinus of Carthage who found in favour of the orthodox party, which led to the violent suppression of the Donatists. ==Council of 418==

Following the Synod of Diospolis, on 1 May 418 a minor synod (Augustine of Hippo called it A Council of Africa), was assembled under the presidency of Aurelius, bishop of Carthage, to take action concerning the errors of Caelestius, a disciple of Pelagius. It denounced the Pelagian doctrines of human nature, original sin, grace, and perfectibility; and it fully approved the contrary views of Augustine. The synod issued eight canons: • Canon I: Adam was not created subject to death. • Canon II: Infants are to be baptized for the remission of sins. • Canon III: Grace not only gives remission of sins but aid that we sin no more. • Canon IV: Grace gives knowledge, inspiration and desire to perform required duty. • Canon V: Without the grace of God we can do no good thing. • Canon VI: The statement "If we say that we have no sin we deceive ourselves" should not be said out of humility but because it is true. • Canon VII: In the Lord's Prayer, the Saints pray "Forgive us our trespasses" not only for others but also for themselves. • Canon VIII: The Saints pray "Forgive us our trespasses" not out of humility but because they have sinned. == Council of 419 ==

The Canons made at this council are often called The Code of Canons of the African Church. It was led by Aurelius, bishop of Carthage and attended by 217 bishops, which held two sessions, 25 and 30 May. "In the year 418-19, all canons formerly made in sixteen councils held at Carthage, one at Milevis, one at Hippo, that were approved of, were read, and received a new sanction from a great number of bishops, then met in synod at Carthage. This Collection is the Code of the African Church, which was always in greatest repute in all Churches next after the Code of the Universal Church. This code was of very great authority in the old English Churches, for many of the Excerptions of Egbert were transcribed from it... these African Canons are inserted into the Ancient Code both of the Eastern and Western Churches." Here is a list of the various councils which made the enactments, with their dates. • Carthage (under Gratus)— 345–348 a.d. • (under Genethlius)— 387 or 390 • Hippo — 393 • Carthage— 394 • (26 June)— 397 • (28 August)— 397 • (27 April)— 399 • (15 June)— 401 • (13 September)— 401 • Milevis (27 August)— 402 • Carthage (25 August)— 403 • (June)— 404 • (August 25)— 405 • (13 June)— 407 • Carthage (16 June and 13 October)— 408 • Carthage (16 June)— 409 • (14 June)— 410 • (1 May)— 418 • (25 May) which adopted the African Code — 419 In total 138 Canons (counted as 135 in the Greek) were issued at this council. The matter was reopened a few years later, when Apiarius, who had been deposed a second time, on new charges, again appealed to Rome for reinstatement. Faustinus, the Roman legate, reappeared at the Synod of 424 and demanded the annulment of the sentence passed on the priest. Apiarius, however, broke down under examination, and admitted his guilt. A synodal letter to Rome emphasized how needful it was that Rome should not lightly credit all complainants from Africa, nor receive into fellowship such as had been excommunicated; and lastly, requested the pope to send no more legates to execute his judgments. ==Synod of 484==

The Vandal Synod of Carthage (484) was a largely unsuccessful church council meeting called by the Vandal King Huneric to persuade the Nicene bishops in his recently acquired North African territories to convert to Arian Christianity. The Nicene bishops refused and many, including Fulgentius of Ruspe and Tiberiumus, were exiled to Sardinia, and some executed. The Notitia Provinciarum at Civitatum Africa says that nearly 500 went into exile. The bishops had requested that Nicene bishops from outside Huneric's dominions be allowed to attend but this was refused, the king saying "When you make me master of the whole world, then what you want shall be done". The synod appears to have been an exercise in royal browbeating more than a genuine debate, with bias toward Arian bishops. ==Council of 525==

The 525 Council of Carthage was convened by Bishop Boniface of Carthage in order to re-establish power over North Africa's Nicene bishops after the rule of Arian Vandal bishops. The Council lasted from 5 to 6 February 525 CE. ==See also==