Presidents The Secret Service prefers not to publicize incidents of Presidential assassination threats, because it believes that it will generate more criminal behavior, especially among the mentally ill. Reports have circulated in the British press that
Barack Obama received four times as many threats as his predecessor, a claim that Secret Service Director
Mark Sullivan denies. Historically, prosecutions for presidential assassination threats have risen during periods of national crisis, such as the
World Wars and the
Vietnam War era. New communication technologies such as
Facebook,
MySpace, and
Twitter have become vectors for investigated alleged threats against the President. After the 2016 Presidential election
mashable.com reported 12,000 calls for President Donald Trump's assassination in
Twitter.
Legislators There have been comparatively few physical assaults on
Members of Congress. On May 22, 1856, Senator
Charles Sumner was savagely beaten down to the floor of the Senate chamber with a gold-knobbed cane by Representative
Preston Brooks after Sumner delivered a fiery oration against
slavery. In 1954, four
Puerto Rican nationalists opened fire on the House chamber, wounding five Members of Congress. Representative
Gabby Giffords was shot and severely injured in January 2011 outside a supermarket where she met with constituents. Representative
Steve Scalise was gravely wounded in 2017 when he was shot by a former volunteer for
Bernie Sanders's 2016 Presidential campaign. Senator
Rand Paul suffered several rib fractures and developed pneumonia after a November 2017 attack by a neighbor over a dispute over lawn care. A data analysis by the Prosecution Project for the Monitor found that since the 1990s, the majority of felony prosecutions involved death threats by right-wing extremists against Democratic politicians. A similar analysis in 2018 that included felony and misdemeanor prosecutions – a larger data set – also found that Democrats were far more likely to be targeted. By contrast, the recent wave of indictments shows that pro-Trump individuals may be as likely to level death threats against Republicans as Democrats. No similar pattern has emerged on the political left. Threats and intimidation directed against Members of Congress are more common than physical assaults. A prominent example was
the burning of a cross, an intimidation tactic of the
Ku Klux Klan, on
House Speaker Sam Rayburn's front lawn in Texas during debate on
civil rights legislation in the 1960s. The
United States Capitol Police investigates threats against Members of Congress and reports to the chair and Ranking Member of the
Committee on House Administration and/or the
United States Senate Committee on Rules and Administration. Social media have been used to publish threats and intimidating messages. Threats have been made through
YouTube videos and
Twitter (which hosted direct threats of violence against Members of Congress such as Representative
Bob Goodlatte, and Senators
Roy Blunt and
John Hoeven). Concern has been voiced in the press over Twitter's failure in some cases to promptly remove threats made against Members of Congress. Kyler Schmitz's threats to shoot Senator Roy Blunt remained on Twitter after Schmitz had been arrested for illegally using interstate communications to make the threat. Christopher Michael McGowan was arrested in April 2018 for a series of
Tweets threatening Representative Goodlatte and other lawmakers made from January to April 2018. Twitter's stated policy on "Violent threats and glorification of violence" says "You may not make specific threats of violence or wish for the serious physical harm, death, or disease of an individual or group of people". 2010 legislation for
health care reform in the United States saw an increased number of threatening communications and actions directed at legislators. Several Members of Congress received threatening messages. Representative
Eric Cantor received a threat from Norman Leboon, a donor to Barack Obama who had produced more than 2,000 threatening YouTube videos; the Democratic Party said that it would donate the funds to charity. Other lawmakers' windows were broken with bricks and other objects.
House Minority Leader John Boehner stated, "Violence and threats are unacceptable. Yes, I know there is anger, but let's take that anger, and go out and register people to vote, go volunteer on a political campaign, and let's do it the right way." Rep. Cantor, who received a bullet through his campaign office window, stated, "Security threats against members of Congress are not a partisan issue, and they should never be treated that way. To use such threats as political weapons is reprehensible." He accused Representative
Chris Van Hollen of "dangerously fanning the flames by suggesting that these incidents be used as a political weapon." A spokesman for the
Southern Poverty Law Center remarked, "I think it is astounding that we are seeing this wave of
vigilantism." After the 2016 Presidential election, personal attacks gained a more prominent place in dialogue between the President and legislators from both major US parties, with at least one Member of Congress advocating harassment of other Federal officials outside of work. In June 2018, Representative
Maxine Waters, speaking at an outdoor rally said, "If you see anybody from that (Trump) Cabinet in a restaurant, in a department store, at a gasoline station, you get out and you create a crowd and you push back on them, and you tell them they're not welcome anymore, anywhere." In July 2018, Senate Majority Leader
Mitch McConnell was confronted with shouted personal insults and the threat "we know where you live" by a crowd of protesters; earlier, McConnell and his wife
Elaine Chao were subjected to verbal abuse by a crowd as they left an event at Georgetown University. According to National Public Radio, at least three Trump administration officials —
Secretary of Homeland Security Kirstjen Nielsen, Trump adviser
Stephen Miller and White House Press Secretary
Sarah Huckabee Sanders, along with her family — have been forced out by vocal protesters from restaurants or denied service. Sen. Cruz and his wife also had to leave their table at a Washington restaurant when protesters shouted them down at their table. According to
Newsweek, Senator
Susan Collins's office received "threatening, profanity-laced phone calls and letters, telling her to vote against the confirmation of Brett Kavanaugh to the Supreme Court". One caller told a young woman working for Collins that he hoped she would be raped and impregnated, according to a voicemail provided to the
New York Times by Collins's spokeswoman. In 2020,
Twitter announced that any posts
wishing for Trump's death from coronavirus would be removed for violating the platform's
terms of service. Democratic congresswomen
Rashida Tlaib,
Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,
Ilhan Omar, and
Ayanna Pressley criticized Twitter for not taking threats against them seriously, pointing out posts calling for their deaths that had been allowed to remain on the site.
Doxing of legislators also occurs. Jackson A. Cosko, a member of Representative
Sheila Jackson Lee's staff, was arrested by US Capitol Police in October 2018, charged with public restricted information, unauthorized access of a government computer, burglary, threatening Federal officials and other crimes. According to a Federal arrest warrant filed by Capitol Police, Cosko threatened an aide of Senator
Maggie Hassan who found him using a computer in Sen. Hassan's office, then ordered him to leave in a email. Cosko posted confidential personal information such as home and office addresses and home telephone numbers of five US senators, including Senate Judiciary Committee members
Lindsey Graham,
Mike Lee and
Orrin Hatch, to their
Wikipedia articles. In April 2019 Cosko pleaded guilty to two counts of Making Public Restricted Personal Information, one count of Computer Fraud, one count of Witness Tampering, and one count of Obstruction of Justice, in exchange for an agreement by the prosecutors to drop other applicable charges. On June 19, 2019, Cosko was sentenced to 4 years in Federal prison.
Craig Deleeuw Robertson threatened to assassinate Joe Biden, Gavin Newsom, and Manhattan D.A.
Alvin Bragg.
Cyberstalking of legislators is a related problem. Juan McCullum, a former member of Congressional delegate
Stacey Plaskett and Representative
Frederica Wilson's staffs was charged in July 2017 with illegally obtaining private nude photographs of Delegate Plaskett and videos of her family from Ms. Plaskett's
iPhone while he worked for her, then using an Internet account under an assumed name to distribute the photos and encourage other Internet users to share them online.
Judges and prosecutors Threats against federal judges can include threats of
vigilantism. For instance, in 2004, gun-rights activist, Denver businessman and former Libertarian candidate for U.S. Senate Rick Stanley was sentenced to six years of imprisonment for sending two judges, Thornton Municipal Judge Charles J. Rose and 17th Judicial District Judge Donald W. Marshall, Jr., a "notice of order" demanding that they reverse his conviction for a weapons violation or face arrest by Stanley's Mutual Defense Pact Militia and a trial for
treason. Stanley was also ordered to pay $8,250 restitution to police who worked overtime to protect the judges. Threats against federal judges and prosecutors have more than doubled in recent years, with threats against federal prosecutors rising from 116 to 250 from 2003 to 2008, and threats against federal judges climbing from 500 to 1,278 in that same period, prompting hundreds to get 24-hour protection from armed
U.S. marshals. The problem has become so pronounced that a threat management center has been opened in
Crystal City, Virginia, where a staff of about 25 marshals and analysts monitor a 24-hour number for reporting threats, use sophisticated
mapping software to track those being threatened and tap into a classified database linked to the FBI and
CIA. In 2009, a
radio host was indicted for, after criticizing three
appellate judges of the
United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit who affirmed a lower court decision to dismiss challenges to Chicago's
handgun ban as "cunning, ruthless, untrustworthy, disloyal, unpatriotic, deceitful scum", allegedly saying, "Let me be the first to say this plainly: These judges deserve to be killed." He also allegedly posted blog entries providing a photo and a map of the
Dirksen Federal Building in Chicago, where the court is located, with arrows pointing to "anti-
truck bomb barriers." That case resulted in two
hung juries. The sending of white powder as part of a threatening communication has become common since the
2001 anthrax attacks. The making of these threats coincided with high-profile violence against federal officials in that same period, including Baltimore Assistant U.S. Attorney
Jonathan Luna, who was stabbed 36 times with his own penknife and drowned in a creek, and
Thomas C. Wales, an assistant U.S. attorney in Seattle gunned down at his home. Such incidents lead U.S. officials to take threats seriously. However, actual attacks on government officials are still rare in the U.S. relative to many countries with more unstable governments (e.g. so-called "
banana republics" that frequently experience
coups and assassinations) as evidenced by the fact that the most famous judge to be assassinated in recent times was
John H. Wood, Jr. back in 1979. Case law records that many threats are made by prisoners dissatisfied with the handling of their own case or fellow inmates', or wanting to serve time in the federal system. Often the penalties for making the threat are more serious than those imposed for the original offense. Threats by inmates are taken seriously if the person has contacts on the outside who are capable of carrying out the threat. Federal officials attribute the rising threat rate to disgruntled defendants, terrorism and gang cases that bring more violent offenders into federal courts, frustration over the
economic crisis and the rise of the "
sovereign citizen" movement – a loose collection of
tax protesters,
white supremacists and others who don't respect federal authority. Social media has become notable in threats against high-profile Federal judges. Several threats or encouragements of others to kill
United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit judge
Brett Kavanaugh or members of the Senate who supported confirmation of his appointment to the
US Supreme Court were made on
Twitter. Twitter formally forbids users to "make specific threats of violence or wish for the serious physical harm, death, or disease of an individual or group of people".
Other civil servants The
Internal Revenue Service is frequently a target of threats. Examples include the case of
U.S. v. Darby, in which the defendant told the IRS he was tired of their
bullshit, asked how they would like to have a
pipe bomb delivered to their place of employment, and said that he didn't eat his victims like
Jeffrey Dahmer but just killed them by blowing them up; David J. D'Addabbo, who sent a petition to IRS workers warning that they would be "tried by a jury and your penalty will be sought for it to be death by
firing squad" and told the arresting agents to "watch your back"; and John Barker, who perpetrated an
anthrax hoax against the IRS. According to the
U.S. Treasury Department's Inspector General for Tax Administration, threats against the IRS have been rising in recent years, and in 2009 rose from 834 to 1,014 per year, an increase of 21.5% over the prior year. There have been incidents of actual violence against the IRS to take place as well, by people ramming cars into IRS offices, setting them on fire, and taking out hits on IRS employees, although the
2010 Austin plane crash was one of the more high-profile incidents. According to a
Cato Institute commentator, "this trend is likely to continue until there is a fundamental change in our tax laws and collection methods. People who do not have access to the media and cannot afford expensive tax lawyers sometimes reach such a level of frustration with the IRS that they resort to violent or irrational behavior." There is a special statute, , that protects IRS employees from threats, which according to the
U.S. Attorneys' Manual, "provides a particularly helpful alternative in cases where there is simply an offer of violence unaccompanied by the potential for imminent use of physical force." Federal law enforcement agencies are often the target of threats. Examples include Jeff Henry Williamson, who threatened to blow up FBI headquarters, CIA headquarters and the Justice Department; and Micha Godfrey, who allegedly emailed
medical cannabis websites threats against DEA agents and their families, and a search of whose house subsequently turned up four firearms, a
bulletproof vest, and cannabis plants. Government agencies are sometimes the subject of
blackmail attempts, as when an informer threatened to falsely accuse the FBI of knowing in advance that the
World Trade Center would be
bombed and of failing to stop it.
Doxing is also used against law enforcement officers. During the controversy over full enforcement of immigration laws in the United States in June 2018, the activist Web site
WikiLeaks published the identities of over 9,000 alleged current and former employees of
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement gleaned from the
LinkedIn Web site, with their places of employment and contact information. ==Enforcement==