Prehistory Worked flint tools of the
Mesolithic "Horsham Culture" have been found in numbers in the park, including so-called "Horsham Point" arrowheads of the 8th millennium BCE. The major find-spot is now on the Golf Course, at TQ28593458. Geologically the park is on the
Hastings Beds, dominated by sandstone with pockets of clay and iron ore. This produces poor, acidic and nutritionally deficient soils which, paradoxically, supported a varied natural plant cover. After the end of the Ice Age, especially after the extinction of the herbivorous
megafauna, tree cover began to dominate the landscape from about 8500 BCE which marks the beginning of the
Mesolithic Age. However, the vegetation of the High
Weald, of which the park is a part, was more vulnerable owing to the poverty of the soils and so supported open woodland shading into grassland and heathland on high areas, with thick woodland confined to the narrow valleys. This landscape was very attractive to
hunter-gatherer groups, who might have encouraged grassland and discouraged tree growth by summer burning of the former. The only evidence of activity by
Neolithic (c4500 to c2500 BCE) farmers around the park have been two finds. The Mesolithic site on the Golf Course, mentioned above, also produced a polished flint axe. Also a polished arrowhead and broken polished axe were found in a field to the south of the park -the recorder thought that this evidence had ritual significance. In the following
Bronze Age (c2500 to 800 BCE) a
round barrow cemetery was established west of
Pease Pottage on the ancient ridgeway running along the watershed above the park (now the set of roads from
Horsham to Pease Pottage,
Handcross and
Turners Hill).
Iron age and Romans There is now evidence of
Iron Age activity in the region, after a recent re-excavation of a major Roman ironworking site at
Broadfield, just west of the park. Beginning of activity here, and in Southgate West just north, is considered to be of late Iron Age origin. However, a recent (2011) archaeological survey of Tilgate Forest found no positive evidence of Roman ironworking activity there. The only possibly Roman feature was a single "mine-pit" found south of the Tilgate Forest Recreation Centre, west of Titmus Lake at TQ269343 and so near the Roman ironworks. "Mine" is Sussex dialect for iron ore, and the feature was a
bell pit which might have been dug much later. It is now accepted that the Romans were managing the entire High Weald as a strategic asset of military significance for the sake of its iron, and so were discouraging civilian settlement. The chain of command involved the
Classis Britannica.
Saxons The Saxons were certainly interested in using the thick woodland fringing the High Weald for
pannage or transhumance involving feeding pigs on acorns. Local place names ending in -ley or -den indicate woodland clearings, mutating into farmsteads as transient swineherds became sedentary farmers and were joined by other immigrants. Crawley was one of these, and the dense woodland belt north of the sandstone of the Park would have been settled in this way.
Middle ages Public information about the park mentions the possibility that there was mediaeval ironworking here. and evidence has been found of ironworking on its first
burgage tenements. Iron ore outcropped in the clay around Crawley as well as in the sandstone of the park, and there would have been less work to dig it out of the clay. The latter would have also provided the material for making the bloomeries.
Deer park? Speed's map of Sussex, published 1610, shows Worth Forest with two enclosed
deer parks -Paddockhurst (now
Worth Abbey) and Tilgate. Paddockhurst Park still features on modern maps, but there is no discernible traces of a deer park in the modern Tilgate Park. If any deer park was here, it might have been on the site of the present Tilgate Playing Fields, where a random scatter of large, spreading oak trees was recorded on the 1875 large-scale Ordnance Survey map (a few survive). The first local blast furnaces were two at "Worth Furnace", erected by one Willam Leavitt in 1547. This was on the Stamford Brook in the present Worth Forest, just to the north of the eastern end of the railway bridge on the Parish Lane from Pease Pottage (the bridle path here crosses the site of the old millpond, south of the dam and slag heaps). "Tilgate Furnace" first appears in 1606, when a lease was renewed so it had already been in production by then. The two furnaces, Worth and Tilgate, were associated with forges downstream at Blackwater (now in
Maidenbower) and at
Tinsley.
End of ironworking The last reference to the working furnace dates to 1664, when the furnace was demolished and rebuilt. There is a reference to a road to the furnace in 1685. However, in 1690 "Tilgate Farm" was operated as a tenancy and the tenant farmer was responsible for keeping the lake dams in repair. They had become fish-ponds, so the furnace was gone. From that time, Tilgate began its evolution into a
landed working estate. This involved creating so-called "pillow mounds" for the rabbits to burrow into, which can be found in the present Worth and Highbeeches Forests. None has been found in the present Tilgate Forest, however, but later improvement works may have removed them. Tilgate Lake had a corn-mill in the 18th century, first mentioned in 1702. This was still in operation in 1827 later a house called "Lakeside" (not to be confused with the later restaurant). The use of the Forest for rabbits suppressed coppice woodland in favour of short grassland with pollard beeches and oaks, some heathland and also woodland surviving in the narrow valleys. The Yeakell and Gardner 1783 map shows the Forest as heath, also the two Park lakes and the surviving Furnace lake next to "Furnace Farm". The lane to the latter from Three Bridges was to become the main drive to the Mansion. because the estate has never been part of the English manorial system. If the 2011 archaeological survey is correct in surmising these ditches to date from that time, then the Sergisons intended to clear the present Forest for farmland. They did clear the central tier along Parish Lane and turned it into four farms -Hardriding (formerly Belle Vue), New Buildings, Starvemouse and Mount Pleasant. The first farm listed was very odd. It included a set of circular fields surrounded by woodland. These still existed in 1841, as the Worth tithe map of that year shows them, but the woodland took over the northern ones later. In 1827, as well as the Forest the Estate included four farms: Tilgate, Furnace, Maidenbower and "Highwood's" (Malthouse?). Maidenbower Farm was only part of the present
Maidenbower estate, which also covers the former Frogshole and Forest Farms. Ashburner's daughter Sarah married John Hennings
Nix, in 1865 at
St Nicholas' Church, Worth. The groom was partners with his brother Edward Winkelmann Nix in the London bank
Fuller, Banbury, Nix & Co (since absorbed by
NatWest). The couple took over the estate from her father when he died in 1869. It was Nix who built a large
French-style mansion to replace the Lodge in the later 1860s. The architect was Thomas Henry Wyatt. The present gardens were laid out between 1875 and 1900 over the previous formal garden and Home Farm fields, with many rare specimen trees and shrubs. The top end of Tilgate Lake was extended to Silt Lake, two islands formed and a Cascade created. Also, the Walled Garden was built with a "Head Gardener's Cottage" on its access drive (now a private house). A new farmstead called "Stone Barn" was built at what is now the south end of the latter road. In the late 19th century, the Park and Forest became nationally known for several botanical rarities (apparently mostly now extinct here) including the Tunbridge Filmy Fern (
Hymenophyllum tunbrigense). On Sarah's death in 1904, the estate went to her son
John Ashburner Nix, who died in 1927, and then to his brother
Charles George Ashburner Nix; the Nix family is included in ''
Burke's Landed Gentry'' under the title "Nix of Tilgate." The latter's grandson was the banker Paul David Ashburner Nix, the father of
Alexander Nix, the CEO of
Cambridge Analytica. Together the brothers were great horticulturalists and members of the Royal Horticultural Society. They planted the Pinetum in 1906, and began conifer plantations in the Forest. A sawmill was built on the A23, at the beginning of a forest ride running east to where the pylons are now. This was called The Avenue.
Dinosaurs? Fossilised
dinosaur remains have been recovered from a
Mesozoic geologic
formation named after Tilgate Forest. The find-spot was a quarry at
Whitemans Green near
Cuckfield, but the name given to the stratum led to the erroneous idea that the Forest was the find-spot. This mistake has influenced scholarly works. The finder was
Gideon Mantell, who was collecting in the quarry by 1813 and named the "Tilgate Forest Stratum". The dinosaur concerned was the
Iguanodon.
Rare orchid A very rare orchid was collected at Tilgate from the late 19th century into the Thirties -
Small white orchid (Pseudorchis alba). The nearest colonies are now in mid Wales.
Decline Charles was in difficulties by 1932, when he leased the Walled Garden and its greenhouses to FW Burke & Co as a Horticultural research Station. This would have marked the end of intensive gardening at Tilgate, and the loss of flower beds. Before the outbreak of the
Second World War in 1939, Charles put the Estate up for auction. No bidder was found, so the auctioneers split the property into separate lots which were sold off individually. During the War, as part of the build-up for
D-Day Canadian army troops were billeted at a camp in woodland west of Titmus Lake, featuring
Nissen huts. After the War, in 1947, the site was acquired by the
Crawley Development Corporation and the huts began to be rented out to leisure clubs and societies seeking premises. In this the "Tilgate Forest Recreation Centre" grew up (it was never a public amenity). In 1950, the
Forestry Commission bought the Forest and began to plant conifers over most of it, with areas of beech and American oak. The biggest lake in the park, Tilgate Lake, is most famous for its association with
Malcolm Campbell, who carried out flotation trials for his boat "Bluebird" but not water speed trials there. It was called Campbell's Lake for some time afterwards, although it was sold to a Mr Baker in 1952. He ran a fishing club. Bluebird was still tested on the lake into the late 1950s early 1960s. The Mansion was sold to BT Estates Ltd in 1940, which used it as offices and let the gardens go derelict.
Rhododendron ponticum thickets took over large areas, including the lakesides. In 1950, the Walled Garden became "Tilgate Park Nurseries" which had another site in the Forest south of the sawmill at "Old Stone Cottage Farm". The firm supplied sapling trees for the New Town. Tilgate neighbourhood was built between 1958 and 1960. The Park project was delayed, however, leading to conflict between the private landowners and trespassers, especially children. The Nissen huts were extensively damaged during the storms of 1987 and the council planned to clear the area, but a campaign led by local teacher and prominent table tennis figure, Frank Terry, succeeded in getting the huts replaced with more modern versions. The lake has a "Watersports Centre". In contrast, "Go Ape" is a new arboreal adventure course. In 2017, a "Garden of Remembrance" was opened, with a sculpture entitled "Passage". ==Access==