Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter

In 1955, a geologist working for Consolidated Zinc Proprietary Ltd (ConZinc) identified a commercial deposit of bauxite in Australia on the west coast of Cape York Peninsula. The company investigated sources of large quantities of cheap electricity needed to reduce the alumina recovered from the bauxite into aluminium. In 1960, ConZinc reached an agreement with the government for it to build a smelter and power station using the hydroelectric capacity of Lake Manapouri and Lake Te Anau. In 1963, ConZinc decided not to build the power station, and following that decision the government decided to construct it, with power first being generated in 1969. Construction of the Manapouri Power Station attracted controversy for its environmental effects, with over 264,000 New Zealanders signing the Save Manapouri petition. With a supply of electricity to be available, ConZinc built the Tiwai Point smelter, opening in 1971. Eleven tonnes of artefacts and material were retrieved from the site including adzes, hammer-stones and sinkers made from local argillite. The original ownership was 50% Comalco, 25% Sumitomo Chemical Company and 25% Showa Denko KK. Until 2024, NZAS was owned by Rio Tinto Group (79.36%) and the Sumitomo Group (20.64%), Tiwai Point is the only aluminium smelter in New Zealand. In December 1980, the government announced a project that would build a second smelter at Aramoana, but opposition from the public, changes in the aluminium market, and the loss of a commercial partner meant the project did not go ahead. == Operations ==

The smelter uses the Hall–Héroult process to convert alumina (aluminium oxide) to elemental aluminium. Bauxite is mined in Australia and refined into alumina before being shipped to New Zealand. The smelter consists of three lines of P69 technology cells, with 208 cells each (i.e. 624 total), and one line of 48 CD200 technology cells. The third P69 Line was built in the early 1980s as part of the Muldoon government's "Think Big" projects. The smelter produces the world's purest aluminium – and is one of two smelters in the world producing ultrahigh purity aluminium. In 2011 the smelter produced 354,030 saleable tonnes of aluminium, which was its highest ever output at the time. In 2015, it produced 335,290 tonnes. ==Financial results==

Taken from the Statistical Review of Comalco's New Zealand Activities, page 22 of the 1993 Annual Report. Year Tonnes Aluminium Price Net Profit Employees 1979 153,537 1575 -1,172,000 1,252 1980 154,740 1770 17,470,000 1,258 1981 153,979 1302 2,941,000 1,359 1982 163,419 1026 -20,698,000 1,452 1983 218,609 1478 -9,665,000 1,651 1984 242,850 1281 1,766,000 1,631 1985 240,835 1072 -24,772,000 1,529 1986 236,332 1160 -18,188,000 1,506 1987 248,365 1496 92,570,000 1,429 1988 257,006 2367 173,040,000 1,770 1989 258,359 1915 118,500,000 1,820 1990 259,408 1635 42,051,000 1,720 1991 258,790 1333 -34,122,000 1,465 1992 241,775 1279 -18,649,000 1,415 1993 267,200 1161 -18,016,000 1,465 The smelter production is in tonnes of saleable metal, the aluminium price is the average London Metal Exchange 3 month in US$/tonne, the Net Profit/Loss is after tax and NZ$. The employee count includes contract employees and the full-time equivalent of part-time employees. Comalco-CHH Aluminium employees are not included from 1990; 425 were employed in 1993. ==Electricity use==

The smelter's power demand from the national grid is about 570 MW. Most of the energy for the smelter is supplied from the Manapouri hydroelectric power station, via two double circuit 220 kV transmission lines. The facility is the largest electricity consumer in New Zealand. It uses about one third of the total electricity consumed in the South Island and 13% of the total electricity nationwide, equivalent to around 680,000 households. == Environmental effects ==

Aluminium smelting via the Hall–Héroult process produces carbon dioxide as a by-product. The basic reaction is Al2O3 → 2Al + 3"O". Oxygen equivalents react at the red-hot carbon anode, forming a mixture of carbon monoxide (that subsequently becomes carbon dioxide once released to the atmosphere) and carbon dioxide. For one tonne of aluminium, 1.55 tonnes of CO result, becoming 2.4 tonnes of CO2. However, if all the oxygen were instead directly converted to CO2, then only 1.56 tonnes of CO2 would result. At the stated rate of 1.97 tonnes of carbon dioxide per tonne of aluminium, the production of 272,000 tonnes of aluminium in a year would emit 535,000 tonnes of carbon dioxide. In 2007, Tom Campbell, the chief executive of majority owner Rio Tinto Aluminium NZ, said that the smelter was among the top 5% of the world's 250 aluminium smelters in terms of low emissions. Significant amounts of hazardous waste have been stored at the site, mainly spent cell liner (also known as spent pot lining) containing compounds including fluoride and cyanide. Estimates of the waste stockpiled at the site range up to a quarter of million tonnes. Rio Tinto has committed $NZ4 million towards the removal of all aluminium dross and ouvea premix. 8,000 tonnes of aluminium dross from the smelter were stored without consent in Mataura from 2015 until 2021. If flooded by the nearby Mataura river, this "ouvea premix" would have released ammonia gas. The New Zealand government subsidised New Zealand Aluminium Smelters to remove the toxic waste, which was achieved by July 2021. ==Economic effects and threats of closure==

NZAS reports that the facility employs 800 full-time employees and contractors and indirectly creates jobs for 3,000 people. The smelter is reported to account for 10 percent of the Southland region's economy. Analysts have commented that the profitability of the smelter is most dependent on prices for electricity, alumina and the finished aluminium as well as the New Zealand dollar. Between 2008 and 2013, aluminium prices fell by more than 30 percent. Rio Tinto threatened to close the Tiwai Point smelter if it could not get a cheaper deal for electricity from retailer Meridian, or the Government failed to give it a substantial subsidy to cover losses. In 2013, Rio Tinto again threatened to shut down the smelter unless it was able to continue re-negotiating favourable electricity prices with Meridian Energy. Meridian was one of several state-owned enterprises which at the time were proposed for privatisation by the John Key National Government. The government wanted to get the maximum possible sale price, which would potentially conflict with Rio Tinto's desire for low electricity prices. As a result, the Government announced it would subsidise Rio Tinto to keep the Tiwai Point smelter operating in the short term, garnering criticism from business commentators and opposition politicians. However, on 2 April 2013, John Key said Rio Tinto had rejected the Government's offer, preferring a "longer-term deal than the Government was prepared to offer". John Key stated that if the smelter couldn't sustain itself financially, the government was not interested in keeping it open long-term. Much media commentary in April 2013 focused on the impact of closure on both domestic power prices and share prices when the State-owned enterprise and electricity generator Mighty River Power would be partially sold off to private investors. NZAS produced a report which claimed that if the smelter closed, there would be a permanent loss to Southland's GDP of about 7-8 percent and that 2-3 percent of Southland's population could move out of the region. In August 2013, the New Zealand government agreed to make a $30 million payment to NZAS as a deal to support the smelter and to save jobs, in exchange for agreeing the smelter could be closed before January 2017. Finance Minister Bill English said the Government would make no further contribution to support it, Price negotiations, 2019 to 2024 In October 2019, Rio Tinto announced a strategic review of the Tiwai Point Aluminium Smelter, including a wide range of issues associated with closure. The NZAS chief executive Stew Hamilton said that they had been losing money for the previous 12 months, and that options ranged from operating at the status quo, which would require cheaper power, to closure of the plant. During New Zealand's lockdown for the Covid-19 pandemic, the smelter was deemed an essential service and exempt from restrictions. On 31 March 2020, Rio Tinto announced that it would close potline four, to ensure it could cope with the restrictions at the plant that are needed because of the coronavirus pandemic. Potline 4 originally opened in 1996 but was turned off for six years between 2012 and 2018 before reopening as a result of an uptick in aluminium prices and a new deal with power supplier Meridian. Potline four is smaller than the smelter's other three potlines, producing about 31,000 tonnes of aluminium a year, about 9 per cent of the smelter's total output, and consumes about 50 MW of electricity. On 9 July 2020, Rio Tinto again announced that it would close the smelter. The company said that it would wind down operations and end New Zealand Aluminium Smelters Limited after a strategic review that "showed the business is no longer viable given high energy costs and a challenging outlook for the aluminium industry". The company stated that 1000 jobs would be directly lost from the closure, and 1600 jobs indirectly connected to the smelter would also be under threat. The decision followed a 25% decrease in aluminium prices over the prior 18 months, and increasing power costs. and would facilitate negotiations between Rio Tinto, power companies and Transpower to achieve a more cost-competitive environment. New Zealand First leader Winston Peters said that keeping the smelter open would be a bottom line in any coalition negotiations, and that he had a 20-year plan for the smelter. The Government ruled out any further bailouts of the company. Prime Minister and Labour leader Jacinda Ardern initially said that a Government project to widen the Homer Tunnel would provide some local jobs, but that no one industry could offset the job losses. Later, Labour announced that it would negotiate to extend the life of the smelter by three to five years if elected, seeking to protect jobs in the short term to provide time for the community to consider alternative options. Local politicians also lobbied the Government to preserve the smelter in some way. In July 2022, NZ Aluminium Smelters announced that it would seek new power supplies to try and remain open beyond the scheduled 2024 closure date, this time suggesting a new strategy of seeking power from suppliers other than Meridian Energy. == References ==