Topic-prominent language

Many topic-prominent languages share several syntactic features that have arisen because the languages have sentences that are structured around topics, rather than subjects and objects: • They tend to downplay the role of the passive voice, if a passive construction exists at all, since the main idea of passivization is to turn an object into a subject in languages whose subject is understood to be the topic by default. • They rarely have expletives or "dummy subjects" (pleonastic pronouns) like English it in ''It's raining''. • They often have sentences with so-called "double subjects", actually a topic plus a subject. For example, the following sentence patterns are common in topic-prominent languages: • They do not have articles, which are another way of indicating old vs. new information. • The distinction between subject and object is not reliably marked. Lisu, a Lolo–Burmese language, has been described as highly topic-prominent, and Sara Rosen has demonstrated that "while every clause has an identifiable topic, it is often impossible to distinguish subject from direct object or agent from patient. There are no diagnostics that reliably identify subjects (or objects) in Lisu." The ambiguity is demonstrated in the following example: ==Examples==

Examples of topic-prominent languages include East Asian languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, Malay, Indonesian, Singaporean English and Malaysian English. Also, Turkish, Hungarian, Somali, and Native American languages like the Siouan languages are topic-prominent. Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic-prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language (see Brazilian Portuguese#Topic-prominent language). American Sign Language is also considered to be topic-prominent. Mandarin Chinese {{fs interlinear|indent=3 {{fs interlinear|indent=3 • Remark: Mandarin Chinese sentences are predominantly SVO, but the language allows the object to be promoted to the topic of the sentence, which results in an apparently OSV word order. Japanese {{fs interlinear|indent=3 Lakota {{interlinear|indent=3 Turkish {{interlinear|indent=3 American Sign Language In American Sign Language (ASL), the topic of the sentence, which is the focus of the sentence, is at its beginning. For example, in translating the English phrase "We are going to the store tomorrow", here are some possible ASL sentences, literally translated: • "WE GO STORE TOMORROW." • "TOMORROW, STORE WE GO." (Topicalization, TOMORROW is the focus) • "*STORE, WE GO TOMORROW." (Topicalization, STORE is the focus) Proper ASL structure, however, uses the time indicator first and so the proper ASL form would be the second one: "TOMORROW, STORE WE GO." ==See also==