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Phalangeridae

The Phalangeridae are a family of mostly nocturnal marsupials native to Australia, New Guinea, and Eastern Indonesia as far west as Sulawesi, including the cuscuses, brushtail possums, and their close relatives. Considered a type of possum, most species are arboreal, and they inhabit a wide range of forest habitats from alpine woodland to eucalypt forest and tropical jungle. Many species have been introduced to various non-native habitats by humans for thousands of years.

Characteristics
Phalangerids are relatively large, compared with other possums. The smallest species, the Sulawesi dwarf cuscus, is cat-sized, averaging in length, while the largest, the black-spotted cuscus, is around long, and weighs . Besides the large size, other key features distinguishing phalangerids from other possums include the presence of bare skin on at least part of the tail, and low-crowned molar teeth. They have claws on the fore feet, but none on the hind feet, although these do have an opposable first toe to help grip onto branches. Additionally, in all but one species, both the first and second digits of the fore feet are opposable. Their fur is typically dense or woolly, and may be grey, black, or reddish-brown, often with spots or stripes. Most phalangerids are folivores, feeding primarily on leaves. Like some similar species, they have a large cecum to ferment this highly fibrous food and extract as much nutrition as possible. Their teeth, though, are not as highly adapted to this diet as other possums, and they also eat fruit, and even some invertebrates. The only exception to these general rules is the ground cuscus, which is carnivorous, and is also less arboreal than other phalangerid species. ==Classification==
Classification
This classification is based on Beck et al. (2022). The listing for extant species is based on The Third edition of Wilson & Reeder's Mammal Species of the World (2005), • Eocuscus sarastamppi? • OnirocuscusOnirocuscus inversusOnirocuscus notialisOnirocuscus reidiOnirocuscus rupinaOnirocuscus silvacultrix"Trichosurus" dicksoni • Subfamily TrichosurinaeArcherus? • Archerus johntoniae? • TrichosurusNorthern brushtail possum (Trichosurus arnhemensis) • Short-eared possum (Trichosurus caninus) • Mountain brushtail possum (Trichosurus cunninghami) • Trichosurus hamiltonensisCoppery brushtail possum (Trichosurus johnstonii) • Common brushtail possum (Trichosurus vulpecula) • WyuldaWyulda asherjoeliScaly-tailed possum (Wyulda squamicaudata) • Subfamily AiluropinaeAiluropsTalaud bear cuscus (Ailurops melanotis) • Sulawesi bear cuscus (Ailurops ursinus) • StrigocuscusSulawesi dwarf cuscus (Strigocuscus celebensis) • Banggai cuscus (Strigocuscus pelegensis) • Subfamily PhalangerinaePhalangerGebe cuscus (Phalanger alexandrae) • Mountain cuscus (Phalanger carmelitae) • Ground cuscus (Phalanger gymnotis) • Eastern common cuscus (Phalanger intercastellanus) • Woodlark cuscus (Phalanger lullulae) • Blue-eyed cuscus (Phalanger matabiru) • Telefomin cuscus (Phalanger matanim) • Southern common cuscus (Phalanger mimicus) • Northern common cuscus (Phalanger orientalis) • Ornate cuscus (Phalanger ornatus) • Rothschild's cuscus (Phalanger rothschildi) • Silky cuscus (Phalanger sericeus) • Stein's cuscus (Phalanger vestitus) • SpilocuscusAdmiralty Island cuscus (Spilocuscus kraemeri) • Common spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus maculatus) • Waigeou cuscus (Spilocuscus papuensis) • Black-spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus rufoniger) • Blue-eyed spotted cuscus (Spilocuscus wilsoni) ==Vernacular names==
Vernacular names
Blust (1982, 1993, 2002, 2009) reconstructs the form *kandoRa 'cuscus' for Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian (i.e., the reconstructed most recent common ancestor of the Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian languages), but the validity of this reconstruction is doubted by Schapper (2011). Schapper (2011) shows that reconstructed forms for cuscus are in fact quite diverse, and cannot be reconstructed to Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian. Other names for cuscus are: • Proto-Timor: *madar • Proto-Southeast Maluku: *mander • Proto-Central Maluku: *mansər • Proto-Oceanic: *kadroRa; a semantic shift occurred from 'cuscus' to 'bandicoot' (Peramelidae), and from Proto-Central–Eastern Malayo-Polynesian to Proto-Oceanic for the form *mans(a,ə)r. • Proto-South Halmahera: *do • Proto-Aru: *wagal • North Bomberai languages: • Onin: • Sekar: • Arguni: • Proto-North Halmahera (non-Austronesian): *kusoro Other local names for the cuscus are: • Central Maluku: Hila makel, Manipa , Wakasihu , Hitu , Kailolo , Katu , Larike , NuauluTimor: Kemak , Tetun , Mambae , Galoli , Waima'a , Uab Meto , Roma , Wetar maʧaBird's Head Peninsula: Irarutu , Meoswar , Ansus , Warembori ==References==
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