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Trilateral Commission

The Trilateral Commission is a nongovernmental international organization aimed at fostering closer cooperation between Japan, Western Europe and North America. It was founded in July 1973, principally by the American banker and philanthropist David Rockefeller, an internationalist who sought to address the challenges posed by the growing economic and political interdependence between the U.S. and its allies in North America, Western Europe, and Japan. The leadership of the organization has since focused on returning to "our roots as a group of countries sharing common values and a commitment to the rule of law, open economies and societies, and democratic principles".

History
Founding The Trilateral Commission was formed in 1973 by private citizens of Japan, North American nations (the U.S. and Canada), and Western European nations To quote its founding declaration: • "Growing interdependence is a fact of life of the contemporary world. It transcends and influences national systems... While it is important to develop greater cooperation among all the countries of the world, Japan, Western Europe, and North America, in view of their great weight in the world economy and their massive relations with one another, bear a special responsibility for developing effective cooperation, both in their own interests and in those of the rest of the world." • "To be effective in meeting common problems, Japan, Western Europe, and North America will have to consult and cooperate more closely, on the basis of equality, to develop and carry out coordinated policies on matters affecting their common interests... refrain from unilateral actions incompatible with their interdependence and from actions detrimental to other regions... [and] take advantage of existing international and regional organizations and further enhance their role." • "The Commission hopes to play a creative role as a channel of free exchange of opinions with other countries and regions. Further progress of the developing countries and greater improvement of East-West relations will be a major concern." Zbigniew Brzezinski, a Rockefeller advisor who was a specialist on international affairs (and later President Jimmy Carter's National Security Advisor from 1977 to 1981), left Columbia University to organize the group, along with: • Edwin Reischauer, professor at Harvard University and United States Ambassador to Japan, 19611966 • George S. Franklin, executive director of the Council on Foreign Relations 1953–1971 • Gerard C. Smith, SALT I negotiator and its first North American chairman • Henry D. Owen, foreign policy studies director at the Brookings InstitutionMax Kohnstamm, European Policy CentreRobert R. Bowie, the Foreign Policy Association and director of the Harvard Center for International AffairsMarshall Hornblower, former partner at Wilmer, Cutler & PickeringTadashi Yamamoto, Japan Center for International ExchangeWilliam Scranton, former governor of Pennsylvania The organization's records are stored at the Rockefeller Archive Center in Sleepy Hollow, New York. ==Meetings==
Meetings
The Trilateral Commission initiated its biannual meetings in October 1973 in Tokyo, Japan. In May 1976 the first plenary meeting of all of the commission's regional groups took place in Kyoto, Japan. Since the ninth meeting in 1978, plenary meetings have taken place annually. Besides annual plenary meetings, regional meetings have also taken place in each of the Asia Pacific Group, the European Group and the North American Group. Since its founding, the discussion group has produced an official journal, Trialogue. ==Membership==
Membership
Membership is divided into numbers proportionate to each of the think tank's three regional areas. North America is represented by 120 members: 20 Canadian, 13 Mexican and 87 American. The European group has reached its limit of 170 members from almost every country on the continent; the ceilings for individual countries are 20 for Germany, 18 for France, Italy and the United Kingdom, 12 for Spain and 1–6 for the rest. At first Asia and Oceania were represented only by Japan, but in 2000 the Japanese group of 85 members became the Pacific Asia group, comprising 117 members: 75 Japanese, 11 South Koreans, seven Australian and New Zealand citizens, and 15 members from the ASEAN nations (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore and Thailand). The Pacific Asia group also included 9 members from China, Hong Kong and Taiwan. The commission now claims "more than 100" Pacific Asian members. Leadership As of September 2021 Notable membersGraham Allison, Director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs and Dean of the Harvard Kennedy SchoolAlyssa Ayres, Dean of the Elliott School of International Affairs, George Washington University • Catherine Bertini, Professor, Maxwell School of Citizenship and Public AffairsAntony Blinken, U.S. Secretary of State 2021–2025, son of Donald Mayer Blinken, stepson of Samuel PisarSophie Boissard, Chief Executive Officer, Korian GroupRobert R. Bowie, Director of Policy Planning 1953–1957, Foreign Policy Association, co-founder with Henry Kissinger of Harvard Center for International Affairs 1958, Counselor of the State Department 1966–1968, CFR, CIA Chief National Intelligence Officer 1977–1979 • Lael Brainard, Chairman of the U.S. National Economic Council; member of U.S. Federal Reserve's Board of Governors; former Under Secretary U.S. TreasuryIan Bremmer, president of Eurasia Group and GZERO Media • Mark Brzezinski, president and CEO of Brzezinski Strategies LLC, son of Zbigniew Brzezinski, and U.S. Ambassador to Sweden 2011–2015 • George H. W. Bush, President of the United States 1989–1993, Vice President of the United States 1981-1989 • Richard Cannings (British Columbia politician) Canadian Member of Parliament • Ash Carter, director of the Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs at Harvard Kennedy School, U.S. Secretary of Defense 2015–2017, CFR board, Aspen Strategy Group, Atlantic Council honorary director • Jimmy Carter, President of the United States 1977–1981 • Caroline Daniel, British journalist, Financial TimesJohn M. Deutch, Director of CIA 1995–1996, Aspen Strategy Group) • Jeffrey Epstein, former hedge fund manager convicted of sex trafficking in 2008, described as "an enthusiastic member of the Trilateral Commission" in 2002 • Dawn Farrell, President and CEO, TransAlta CorporationDiana Farrell, former CEO and President, JP Morgan Institute, former Head of McKinsey Global Institute, former Deputy Director, U.S. National Economic CouncilLaurence "Larry" Fink, CFR board member, BlackRock CEO since 1988, WEF trustee • George S. Franklin, executive director of the Council on Foreign Relations 1953–1971 • Jamie S. Gorelick, partner at WilmerHale, U.S. Deputy Attorney General 1994–1997, General Counsel of DoD 1993–1994, defended BP after 2010 oil spill, 9/11 Commission member, Amazon board member • Kelly Grier, former U.S. Chair and Managing Partner, EYJane Harman, former Member, U.S. House of Representatives; President Emerita, Wilson CenterLinda Hasenfratz, CEO, Linamar Corporation • Anniken Hauglie, former Director General, Norwegian Oil and Gas Association, former Minister of Labour and Social Affairs, Norway • Kerry Healey, President of the Milken Center for Advancing the American Dream; former Lieutenant Governor of MassachusettsMarillyn A. Hewson, Former Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Lockheed Martin CorporationFiona Hill, The Globalist writer, former Senior Director for Europe and Russia of the NSCCarla Anderson Hills, CFR co-chair 2007–2017, U.S. HUD Secretary 1975–1977, U.S. Trade Representative 1989–1993 • Max Kohnstamm, European Policy CentreStephanie Kusie, Canadian Member of Parliament • Monique Leroux, Former Chair of the Board and CEO, Desjardins GroupTove Lifvendahl, political editor-in-chief of Svenska DagbladetCecilia Malmstrom, former European Commissioner for Trade, European Commission • Heather McPherson, Canadian Member of Parliament • Judith A. "Jami" Miscik, CFR vice chair, CIA Deputy Director for Intelligence 2002–2005, Global Head of Sovereign Risk at Lehman Brothers 2005–2008, PIAB chair 2014–2017, president/vice-chair of Kissinger Associates since 2009 • Heather Munroe-Blum, Chair, Canada Pension Plan Investment BoardJohn Negroponte, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State 2007–2009, UN Ambassador 2001–2004, first Director of National Intelligence 2005–2007, subject of The Ambassador, brother of MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas NegroponteMeghan O'Sullivan, Trilateral Commission North American chair, CFR board, Aspen Strategy GroupHenry D. Owen, foreign policy studies director at the Brookings InstitutionGüler Sabancı, Turkish businesswoman, chair of Sabancı HoldingRajiv Shah, Rockefeller Foundation president, Atlantic Council board • James B. Steinberg, U.S. Deputy Secretary of State 2009–2011 under Obama, Deputy National Security Advisor 1997–2001 under Clinton, CFR member, Aspen Strategy Group, Bilderberg attendeeMarcus "Husky" Wallenberg, Swedish banker formerly at Citibank, Deutsche Bank, S. G. Warburg & Co., Citicorp and the SEB GroupPaul C. Warnke, Center for Law and Social Policy, Clifford, Warnke, Glass, McIlwain & Finney ==Assessments==
Assessments
Social critic and academic Noam Chomsky has criticized the commission as undemocratic, pointing to its key publication The Crisis of Democracy, which describes the strong popular interest in politics during the 1970s as an "excess of democracy". He has cited it as one of the most interesting and insightful books showing the modern democratic system not to really be a democracy at all, but controlled by elites who seek to keep the general public disengaged from genuine democratic participation by subtle and mostly non-violent methods and to redefine democracy itself in operative terms that enshrine their own interests as a tiny privileged minority. Chomsky adds that as it was an internal discussion, they felt free to "let their hair down" and to talk openly about the need for an increasingly active and defiant public to be reduced back to its proper state of apathy and obedience lest it continue to use democratic means to deprive them of their power. Critics accuse the Commission of promoting a global consensus among the international ruling classes in order to manage international affairs in the interest of the financial and industrial elites under the Trilateral umbrella. In his 1980 book With No Apologies, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater suggested that the discussion group was "a skillful, coordinated effort to seize control and consolidate the four centers of power: political, monetary, intellectual, and ecclesiastical... [in] the creation of a worldwide economic power superior to the political governments of the nation-states involved." ==Conspiracy theories involving the Trilateral Commission==
Conspiracy theories involving the Trilateral Commission
Some conspiracy theorists believe the organization to be a central plotter of a world government or synarchy. In his book ''Among the Truthers: A Journey Through America's Growing Conspiracist Underground'', Jonathan Kay wrote that Luke Rudkowski interrupted a lecture by former Trilateral Commission director Zbigniew Brzezinski in April 2007 and accused the organization and a few others of having orchestrated the 9/11 attacks to initiate a new world order. Economist Anthony C. Sutton was critical of the Trilateral Commission's goals and methods, characterizing them as a "rich man's club." Yet he also wrote: "The Trilateral Commission is not a conspiracy. Its membership list is completely public - it costs a postage stamp to get one" and characterized the group as "completely above ground" in promoting their agenda. Furthermore, Sutton noted he had debated a high-ranking member of the group on a radio broadcast and concluded: "Conspirators just don't appear on radio talk shows to debate their objectives." Neo-conservative pundit Charles Krauthammer mockingly alluded to the conspiracy theories about the commission when he was asked in 2012 who makes up the "Republican establishment", saying, "Karl Rove is the president. We meet every month on the full moon... [at] the Masonic Temple. We have the ritual: Karl brings the incense, I bring the live lamb and the long knife, and we began... with a pledge of allegiance to the Trilateral Commission." ==Publications==
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