Tristram's starling

This bird is found in deserts in Israel, Palestine, Jordan, northeastern Egypt (Sinai Peninsula), (NEOM) ([Magna]) , western Saudi Arabia, Yemen, and Oman, nesting mainly on rocky cliff faces. The species is becoming increasingly commensal with humans, feeding in towns and villages; this has enabled a recent northward spread in its distribution. ==Description==

Tristram's starling is 25 cm long (including a 9 cm tail), with a wingspan of 44–45 cm, and a weight of 100–140 g. The males have glossy iridescent black plumage with orange patches on the outer wing, which are particularly noticeable in flight. The bill and legs are black. Females and young birds are similar but duller and with a greyish head, lacking the plumage gloss. ==Physiology==

Although starlings are a tropical family by origin, Tristram's starling is well adapted to living in a desert environment: it loses relatively little water to evaporation and produces less heat than expected for its base metabolic rate. Its dark plumage may help it survive in the desert winter, when temperatures are low but the Sun's radiation is strong. ==Ecology and behavior==

Diet Tristram's starlings are omnivorous, feeding on fruit and invertebrates (mainly insects such as beetles, flies, butterflies, and bees; but also small snails). They have also been observed grooming Nubian ibex and domestic livestock for parasites. they fly relatively long distances compared to other resident birds, which likely makes them important seed dispersers for fleshy-fruited desert plants. In addition, they often forage for scraps in human settlements. but both parents feed the chicks. The young leave the nest about a month after hatching. Some pairs raise a second brood in later in the season, using the same nest. Social behaviour Tristram's starling is a gregarious and noisy bird, with a call that resembles a wolf whistle. Outside the breeding season the starlings live in groups of between ten and a few hundred individuals. However, pairs remain together throughout the year, even when they join a larger group. ==Gallery==

File:Onychognathus tristramii -Israel -female-8.jpg|Female in Israel File:Pigeons on a stone at Masada - Zoom.JPG|A group in Masada, Israel File:Capra nubiana, Israel 9.jpg|Tristram's starling on a Nubian ibex in Sde Boker, Israel File:Tristramstar an Gertränkekarton.jpg|Oman File:A Tristram's starling, near Masada.jpg|A Tristram's starling, near Masada ==References==