TSMC

In 1986, Li Kwoh-ting, representing the Executive Yuan, invited Morris Chang to serve as the president of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) and offered him a blank check to build Taiwan's chip industry. At that time, the Taiwanese government wanted to develop its semiconductor industry, but its high investment and high risk nature made it difficult to find investors. Texas Instruments and Intel turned down Chang. Only Philips was willing to sign a joint venture contract with Taiwan to put up $58 million, transfer its production technology, and license intellectual property in exchange for a 27.6 percent stake in TSMC. Alongside generous tax benefits, the Taiwanese government, through the National Development Fund, Executive Yuan, provided another 48.3 percent of the startup capital for TSMC. 20% of the capital was raised from eight private companies (ranging from Formosa Plastics Group’s 5%, CAPCO’s 5% to Taiyuan Textile’s 1%) which were owned by some of the island's wealthiest families, who owned firms that specialized in plastics, textiles, and chemicals. These wealthy Taiwanese were directly "asked" by the government to invest. The rest of the 4.1% capital came from Taiwan's then ruling party’s investment arm: Kuomintang Central Investment Co. From the company's onset, TSMC operated primarily as a project of the Taiwanese state, as opposed to a completely private company. Its first CEO was James E. Dykes, who left after a year and Morris Chang became the CEO. Although Philips initially held a 27.5% stake in TSMC, its influence extended beyond financial investment. In addition to capital, Philips played a crucial role by transferring semiconductor manufacturing technology, intellectual property, and patents to TSMC, enabling the company to scale more rapidly. Philips also provided TSMC's first CEO, James E. Dykes, who had previously worked at Philips North America. This partnership represented an early example of the “fab-light” strategy, as Philips gradually reduced its in-house semiconductor manufacturing and relied more on external foundries like TSMC. Over the following decades, Philips steadily divested its stake in TSMC and shifted its primary focus to healthcare technology. Since then, the company has continued to grow, albeit subject to the cycles of demand. In 2011, the company planned to increase research and development expenditures by almost 39 percent to NT$50 billion to fend off growing competition. The company also planned to expand capacity by 30 percent in 2011 to meet strong market demand. In May 2014, TSMC's board of directors approved capital appropriations of US$568 million to increase and improve manufacturing capabilities after the company forecast higher than expected demand. In August 2014, TSMC's board of directors approved additional capital appropriations of US$3.05 billion. In 2011, it was reported that TSMC had begun trial production of the A5 SoC and A6 SoCs for Apple's iPad and iPhone devices. According to reports in May 2014, Apple sourced its A8 and A8X SoCs from TSMC. Apple then sourced the A9 SoC with both TSMC and Samsung (to increase volume for iPhone 6S launch) and the A9X exclusively with TSMC, thus resolving the issue of sourcing a chip in two different microarchitecture sizes. As of 2014, Apple was TSMC's most important customer. In October 2014, ARM and TSMC announced a new multi-year agreement for the development of ARM based 10 nm FinFET processors. Over the objection of the Tsai Ing-wen administration, in March 2017, TSMC invested US$3 billion in Nanjing to develop a manufacturing subsidiary there. In 2020, TSMC became the first semiconductor company in the world to sign up for the RE100 initiative, pledging to use 100 percent renewable energy by 2050. TSMC accounts for roughly 5 percent of the energy consumption in Taiwan, even exceeding that of the capital city Taipei. This initiative was thus expected to accelerate the transformation to renewable energy in the country. For 2020, TSMC had a net income of US$17.60 billion on a consolidated revenue of US$45.51 billion, an increase of 57.5 percent and 31.4 percent respectively from the 2019 level of US$11.18 billion net income and US$34.63 billion consolidated revenue. Its market capitalization was over $550 billion in April 2021. TSMC's revenue in the first quarter of 2020 reached US$10 billion, while its market capitalization was US$254 billion. TSMC's market capitalization reached a value of NT$1.9 trillion (US$63.4 billion) in December 2010. It was ranked 70th in the FT Global 500 2013 list of the world's most highly valued companies with a capitalization of US$86.7 billion, while reaching US$110 billion in May 2014. On 27 June 2020, TSMC briefly became the world's 10th most valuable company, with a market capitalization of US$410 billion. To mitigate business risks in the event of war between Taiwan and the People's Republic of China, since the beginning of the 2020s, TSMC has expanded its geographic operations, opening new fabs in Japan and the United States, with further plans for expansion into Germany. In July 2020, TSMC confirmed it would halt the shipment of silicon wafers to Chinese telecommunications equipment manufacturer Huawei and its subsidiary HiSilicon by 14 September. In November 2020, officials in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States approved TSMC's plan to build a $12 billion chip plant in the city. The decision to locate a plant in the US came after the Trump administration warned about the issues concerning the world's electronics made outside of the U.S. In 2021, news reports claimed that the facility might be tripled to roughly a $35 billion investment with six factories. See for more details. In June 2021, following nearly a year of public controversy surrounding its COVID-19 vaccine shortage, with only about 10 percent of its 23.5 million population vaccinated; In July 2021, BioNTech's Chinese sales agent Fosun Pharma announced that the two technology manufacturers had reached an agreement to purchase 10 million BioNTech COVID-19 vaccines from Germany. In November 2021, TSMC and Sony announced that TSMC would be establishing a new subsidiary named Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing (JASM) in Kumamoto, Japan. The subsidiary manufactures 22- and 28-nanometer processes. The initial investment was approximately $7 billion, with Sony investing approximately $500 million for a less than 20 percent stake. Construction of the fabrication plant started in 2022, with production beginning two years later in 2024. In February 2022, TSMC, Sony Semiconductor Solutions, and Denso announced that Denso would take a more than 10 percent equity stake in JASM with a US$0.35 billion investment, amid a scarcity of chips for automobiles. TSMC will also enhance JASM's capabilities with 12/16 nanometer FinFET process technology in addition to the previously announced 22/28 nanometer process and increase monthly production capacity from 45,000 to 55,000 12-inch wafers. In the third quarter of 2022, Berkshire Hathaway disclosed purchase of 60 million shares in TSMC, acquiring a $4.1 billion stake, making it one of its largest holdings in a technology company. However, Berkshire sold off 86.2 percent of its stake by the next quarter citing geopolitical tensions as a factor. In February 2024, TSMC shares hit a record high, with the high on the trading day reaching NT$709 and closing at NT$697 (+8%). This was influenced by the increase in the price target on chip designer Nvidia. TSMC currently manufactures 3-nanometer chips and plans to start 2-nanometer mass production in 2025. It is included in the FTSE4Good Index, being the only Asian company in the top ten. In October 2024, TSMC informed the United States Department of Commerce about a potential breach of export controls in which one of its most advanced chips was sent to Huawei via another company with ties to the Chinese government. In June 2025, TSMC announced the establishment of the TSMC-UTokyo Lab (TSMC-University of Tokyo Laboratory), marking its first joint research laboratory with an overseas university. In August 2025, TSMC reported that two current employees and six former employees had illegally acquired trade secrets related to the company's leading 2nm process. One of them went on to work for Tokyo Electron, a partner of Japan's semiconductor effort Rapidus, but has since been terminated. A number of suspects have been arrested by Taiwanese authorities. In January 2026, reported a 35% increase in fourth-quarter profit. This is higher than previous estimates, hitting a fresh record as demand for artificial intelligence chips remained strong. Patent dispute with GlobalFoundries On 26 August 2019, GlobalFoundries filed several patent infringement lawsuits against TSMC in the US and Germany claiming that TSMC's 7 nm, 10 nm, 12 nm, 16 nm, and 28 nm nodes infringed 16 of its patents. GlobalFoundries named twenty defendants. TSMC said that it was confident that the allegations were baseless. On 1 October 2019, TSMC filed patent infringement lawsuits against GlobalFoundries in the US, Germany and Singapore, claiming that GlobalFoundries' 12 nm, 14 nm, 22 nm, 28 nm and 40 nm nodes infringed 25 of its patents. On 29 October 2019, TSMC and GlobalFoundries announced a resolution to the dispute, agreeing to a life-of-patents cross-license for all of their existing semiconductor patents and new patents for the next 10 years. == Corporate affairs ==

Senior leadership • Chief Executive: C. C. Wei (since June 2018) List of former chairmen • Morris Chang (1987–2018) • Mark Liu (2018–2024) TSMC and the rest of the foundry industry are exposed to the cyclical industrial dynamics of the semiconductor industry. TSMC must ensure its production capacity to meet strong customer demand during upturns; however, during downturns, it must contend with excess capacity because of weak demand and the high fixed costs associated with its manufacturing facilities. As a result, the company's financial results tend to fluctuate with a cycle time of a few years. This is more apparent in earnings than revenues because of the general trend of revenue and capacity growth. TSMC's business has generally also been seasonal, with a peak in Q3 and a low in Q1. In 2014, TSMC was at the forefront of the foundry industry for high-performance, low-power applications, leading major smartphone chip companies, such as Qualcomm, Mediatek, and Apple, For Q2 2014, revenues came in at NT$183 billion, with 28 nm technology business growing more than 30 percent from the previous quarter. Lead times for chip orders at TSMC increased due to a tight capacity situation, putting fabless chip companies at risk of not meeting their sales expectations or shipment schedules, and in August 2014 it was reported that TSMC's production capacity for the fourth quarter of 2014 was already almost fully booked, a scenario that had not occurred for many years, which was described as being due to a ripple-effect due to TSMC landing CPU orders from Apple. However, monthly sales for 2014 peaked in October, decreasing by 10 percent in November due to cautious inventory adjustment actions taken by some of its customers. TSMC's revenue for 2014 saw growth of 28 percent over the previous year, while TSMC forecasted that revenue for 2015 would grow by 15 to 20 percent from 2014, thanks to strong demand for its 20 nm process, new 16 nm FinFET process technology as well as continuing demand for 28 nm, and demand for less advanced chip fabrication in its 200mm fabs. In 2021, TSMC was ranked third in the MEMS field. Ownership Around 56 percent of TSMC shares are held by the general public and around 38 percent are held by institutions. The largest shareholders in early 2024 were: • National Development Fund, Executive Yuan (6.38%) • BlackRock (5.09%) • Capital Research and Management Company (3.61%) • Government of Singapore Investment Corporation (3.32%) • Norges Bank (1.59%) • Fidelity Investments (1.37%) • New Labor Pension Scheme (1.28%) • The Vanguard Group (1.26%) • Yuanta Securities Investment (1.02%) • JPMorgan Chase (0.83%) • Fidelity International (0.8%) • Baillie Gifford (0.76%) • Fubon Life Insurance (0.75%) • Invesco (0.63%) == Technologies ==

, which uses the GP104 die manufactured by TSMC on its 16 nm node TSMC's N7+ is the first commercially available extreme-ultraviolet lithographic process in the semiconductor industry. It uses ultraviolet patterning and enables more acute circuits to be implemented on the silicon. N7+ offers a 15–20 percent higher transistor density and 10 percent reduction in power consumption than previous technology. The N7 achieved the fastest ever volume time to market, faster than 10 nm and 16 nm. The N5 iteration doubles transistor density and improves performance by an additional 15 percent. In late 2022, TSMC began volume production of its 3 nm process (N3), which provides up to a 70% increase in logic density and a 15% speed improvement over the 5 nm generation. By late 2025, the company transitioned to its 2 nm technology (N2), marking a major architectural shift from FinFET to Gate-All-Around (GAA) nanosheet transistors. The N2 node offers a 10 to 15% performance boost or a 25 to 30% reduction in power consumption compared to the enhanced 3 nm (N3E) process, while increasing chip density by more than 15%. == Production capabilities ==

with Morris Chang during his visit to Fab 15, 2015 On 300 mm wafers, TSMC has silicon lithography on node sizes: • 0.13 μm (130 nm, options: general-purpose (G), low-power (LP), high-performance low-voltage (LV)) • 90 nm (based upon 80GC from Q4/2006) • 65 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP), ultra-low power (ULP, LPG)) • 55 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP)) • 40 nm (options: general-purpose (GP), low-power (LP), ultra-low power (ULP)) • 28 nm (options: high-performance (HP), high-performance mobile (HPM), high-performance computing (HPC), high-performance low-power (HPL), low-power (LP), high-performance computing Plus (HPC+), ultra-low power (ULP) with HKMG) • 22 nm (options: ultra-low power (ULP), ultra-low leakage (ULL)) • 20 nm • 16 nm (options: FinFET (FF), FinFET Plus (FF+), FinFET Compact (FFC)) • 12 nm (options: FinFET Compact (FFC), FinFET Nvidia (FFN)), enhanced version of 16 nm process • 10 nm (options: FinFET (FF)) • 7 nm (options: FinFET (FF), FinFET Plus (FF+), FinFET Pro (FFP), high-performance computing (HPC)) • 6 nm (options: FinFET (FF), risk production started in Q1 2020, enhanced version of 7 nm process) It also offers "design for manufacturing" (DFM) customer services. In press publications, these processes will often be referenced, for example, for the mobile variant, simply by 7nmFinFET or even more briefly by 7FF. At the beginning of 2019, TSMC was advertising N7+, N7, and N6 as its leading edge technologies. As of June 2020, TSMC is the manufacturer selected for production of Apple's 5 nanometer ARM processors, as "the company plans to eventually transition the entire Mac lineup to its Arm-based processors, including the priciest desktop computers". In July 2021, both Apple and Intel were reported to be testing their proprietary chip designs with TSMC's 3 nm production. == Facilities ==

Central Taiwan Science Park The investment of US$9.4 billion to build its third 300mm wafer fabrication facility in Central Taiwan Science Park (Fab 15) was originally announced in 2010. The facility was expected to manufacture over 100,000 wafers a month and generate US$5 billion per year of revenue. TSMC has continued to expand advanced 28 nm manufacturing capacity at Fab 15. On 12 January 2011, TSMC announced the acquisition of land from Powerchip Semiconductor for NT$2.9 billion (US$96 million) to build two additional 300mm fabs (Fab 12B) to cope with increasing global demand. Germany In August 2023, TSMC committed €3.5 billion to a €10+ billion factory in Dresden, Germany. The plant is subsidised with €5 billion from the German government. Three European companies (Robert Bosch GmbH, Infineon Technologies, and NXP Semiconductors) invested in the plant in return for a 10 percent share each. The resulting joint venture with TSMC is named European Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (ESMC). The factory is planned to be fully operational in 2029 with a monthly capacity of 40,000 12-inch wafers. Japan In November 2021, TSMC and Sony announced that TSMC would be establishing a new subsidiary named Japan Advanced Semiconductor Manufacturing (JASM) in Kumamoto, Japan. Denso and Toyota have also invested in the company and are minor shareholders. The first factory (Fab 23) in Kikuyo, began commercial operations in December 2024 and produces 12-, 22-, and 28-nanometer processes. Fab 23 cost US$8.6 billion to build, with 476 billion yen subsidised by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI). The second factory, currently under construction adjacent to Fab 23 as of January 2025, will produce 6-nanometer and 12-nanometer processes. This factory is estimated to cost US$13.9 billion, with 732 billion yen funded by the METI. At launch it was the most advanced fab in the United States. TSMC claimed the plant will create 1,900 full-time jobs. In December 2022, TSMC announced its plans to triple its investment in the Arizona plants in response to the growing tensions between the US and China and the supply chain disruption that has led to chip shortages. In that same month, TSMC stated that it was running into major cost issues, because the cost of construction of buildings and facilities in the US is four to five times what an identical plant would cost in Taiwan, as well as difficulty finding qualified personnel. These additional production costs will increase the cost of TSMC's chips made in the US to at least 50 percent more than the cost of chips made in Taiwan. In July 2023 TSMC warned that US talent was insufficient, so Taiwanese workers will need to be brought in for a limited time, and that the chip factory will not be operational until 2025. In September 2023, an analyst said the chips will still need to be sent back to Taiwan for packaging. In January 2024, TSMC chairman Liu again warned that Arizona lacked workers with the specialized skills to hire and that TSMC's second Arizona plant likely will not start volume production of advanced chips until 2027 or 2028. In April 2024, the Biden administration announced a preliminary agreement to award TSMC Arizona up to $6.6 billion in direct funding under the CHIPS and Science Act, alongside up to $5 billion in proposed loans, to support TSMC's planned investment of more than $65 billion across three fabrication plants in Phoenix, which would represent the largest foreign direct investment in a greenfield project in US history. In November 2024, the Commerce Department finalised the binding $6.6 billion CHIPS Act award — the first major award completed under the $52.7 billion programme. TSMC also agreed to use its most advanced "A16" manufacturing technology in Arizona and committed to forgo stock buybacks for five years under an "upside sharing agreement" with the US government. In July 2025, Wei indicated that TSMC would speed up its production timelines toward the completion of a "gigafab" cluster totaling six facilities after an additional $100 billion investment in Arizona. Washington TSMC Washington is a subsidiary of TSMC based in Camas, Washington, outside Portland, Oregon. The campus contains a complex consisting of a 200mm wafer fabrication plant. TSMC Washington (originally known as WaferTech) was established in June 1996 as a joint venture between TSMC, Altera, Analog Devices, and ISSI. The companies along with minor individual investors placed US$1.2 billion into this venture, which was at the time the single largest startup investment in the state of Washington. The facility started production in July 1998 with its first product being a 0.35 micrometer part for Altera. TSMC bought out the stake of the other partners in 2000, turning the company into a fully owned subsidiary of TSMC. As of 2024, the facility employs 1100 workers and supports node sizes of 0.35, 0.30, 0.25, 0.22, 0.18, and 0.16 micrometers, with an emphasis on embedded flash process technology. == Sustainability ==

TSMC's operations consume a large amount of power and water and thus have significant environmental impact. TSMC pledged to have net-zero emissions by 2050 and to power all global operations with 100% renewable energy within that same timeframe. The company has also invested in water conservation technologies, including high-efficiency wastewater recycling systems capable of reclaiming over 85% of water used in fabrication processes. In 2024, TSMC reportedly consumed over 150,000 tons of water per day in Hsinchu City, approximately 10% of the city's water supply. In July 2020, TSMC signed a 20-year deal with Ørsted to buy the entire production of two offshore wind farms under development off Taiwan's west coast. At the time of its signing, it was the world's largest corporate green energy order ever made. == See also ==