Turkish art

from the Beyhekim Mosque in Konya, 13th century CE, Museum of Islamic Art, Berlin The Seljuks of Rum, who rose to power in Anatolia during the late 11th century, ruled a multi-ethnic territory that was only recently settled by Muslims. As a result, their architecture was eclectic and incorporated influences from many cultures in the region. Most Anatolian Seljuk buildings are constructed of dressed stone, with brick reserved for minarets. The use of stone in Anatolia is the biggest difference with the Seljuk buildings in Iran, which are made of bricks. This also resulted in more of their monuments being preserved up to modern times. In their construction of caravanserais, madrasas and mosques, the Anatolian Seljuks translated earlier Iranian Seljuk architecture of bricks and plaster into the use of stone., built by the House of Mengüjek in the early 13th century, under Anatolian Seljuk rule Decoration in Anatolian Seljuk architecture was concentrated on certain elements like entrance portals, windows, and the mihrabs of mosques. Stone-carving was one of the most accomplished mediums of decoration, with motifs ranging from earlier Iranian stucco motifs to local Byzantine and Armenian motifs. Muqarnas was also used. The madrasas of Sivas and the Ince Minareli Medrese in Konya are among the most notable examples, while the Great Mosque and Hospital complex of Divriği is distinguished by the most extravagant and eclectic high-relief stone decoration around its entrance portals and its mihrab. Syrian-style ablaq striped marble also appears on the entrance portal of the Karatay Medrese and the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya. Although tilework was commonly used in Iran, Anatolian architecture innovated in the use of tile revetments to cover entire surfaces independently of other forms of decoration, as seen in the Karatay Medrese. ==Ottoman period==

script calligraphy of Ali decorating the Hagia Sophia Grand Mosque in Hunername-I, an example of Ottoman miniature (Chicago, USA) is a neo-baroque example of the Westernization of late Ottoman architecture Ottoman architecture developed traditional Islamic styles, with some technical influences from Europe, into a highly sophisticated style, with interiors richly decorated in coloured tiles, seen in palaces, mosques and turbe mausolea. Other forms of art represented developments of earlier Islamic art, especially those of Persia, but with a distinct Turkish character. As in Persia, Chinese porcelain was avidly collected by the Ottoman court, and represented another important influence, mainly on decoration. Ottoman miniature and Ottoman illumination cover the figurative and non-figurative elements of the decoration of manuscripts, which tend to be treated as distinct genres, though often united in the same manuscript and page. The reign of the Ottomans in the 16th and early 17th centuries introduced the Turkish form of Islamic calligraphy. This art form reached the height of its popularity during the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–66). As decorative as it was communicative, Diwani was distinguished by the complexity of the line within the letter and the close juxtaposition of the letters within the word. The hilya is an illuminated sheet with Islamic calligraphy of a description of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. The tughra is an elaborately stylized formal signature of the sultan, which like the hilya performed some of the functions of portraits in Christian Europe. Book covers were also elaborately decorated. Other important media were in the applied or decorative arts rather than figurative work. Pottery, especially İznik pottery, jewellery, hardstone carvings, Turkish carpets, woven and embroidered silk textiles were all produced to extremely high standards, and carpets in particular were exported widely. Other Turkish art ranges from metalwork, carved woodwork and furniture with elaborate inlays to traditional Ebru or paper marbling. 18th to 20th centuries In the 18th and 19th centuries Turkish art and architecture became more heavily influenced by contemporary European styles, leading to over-elaborated and fussy detail in decoration. European-style painting was slow to be adopted, with Osman Hamdi Bey (1842–1910) for long a somewhat solitary figure. He was a member of the Ottoman administrative elite who trained in Paris, and painted throughout his long career as a senior administrator and curator in Turkey. Many of his works represent the subjects of Orientalism from the inside, as it were. Alongside the broader European influences on decoration, the period also saw the synthesis of foreign techniques with traditional Ottoman tastes to create new art forms. A notable example is Çeşm-i Bülbül (literally "Nightingale's Eye"), a distinctive type of decorative glassware developed in the late 18th to early 19th centuries. == 20th century and onward ==

A transition from Islamic artistic traditions under the Ottoman Empire to a more secular, Western orientation has taken place in Turkey. Modern Turkish painters are striving to find their own art forms, free from Western influence. Sculpture is less developed, and public monuments are usually heroic representations of Atatürk and events from the war of independence. Literature is considered the most advanced of contemporary Turkish arts. == Repatriation of looted art ==

In 2024, a bronze statue of the head of a youth was returned to Turkey by the J. Paul Getty Museum and a bronze statue of the head of Roman Emperor Septimius Severus was to be returned to Turkey by Denmark's NY Carlsberg Glypotek Museum. Originating in the ancient city of Boubon in Burdur, they were looted in illegal excavations in the 1960s. Turkey requested that the Cleveland Museum of Art return 21 objects but the museum refused saying the Turkey lacked proof of looting causing a clash with the Manhattan District Attorney and the unit that fights Antiquities Trafficking. == Gallery ==

Architecture File:Çifte_Minareli_Medrese_(Erzurum)_Entrance_8685_(cropped).jpg|Entrance of the Çifte Minareli Medrese in Erzurum (c. 1250) File:Divrigi,N-P1.jpg|Entrance of the Divriği Mosque, Sivas (c. 1229) File:Istanbul asv2020-02 img23 Topkapı Palace.jpg| Imperial Hall in Harem of Topkapı Palace in Istanbul File:Wooden_building_on_the_Bosphorus.jpg|Istanbul Yalı architecture File:Yalı_in_Kanlıca_on_the_Bosphorus,_Turkey_001.jpg|An example of the Yalı architecture File:20180107_Safranbolu_1945_(39101010504).jpg|Safranbolu, an Ottoman village File:Entrance_to_the_Circumcision_Room_at_Topkapı_Palace.jpg|Iznik Tiles in Topkapı Palace File:Turkey (68739605).jpeg|Interior of a dome at Dolmabahçe Palace File:Mihrab of Bursa Grand Mosque.jpg|Mihrab niche of Bursa Grand Mosque File:Bayezid_II_Mosque_by_Gurlitt_1912.jpg|Cross section and plan of Bayezid II Mosque, the oldest imperial complex in Istanbul that is preserved in more or less its original form File:Exterior of Sultan Ahmed I Mosque, (old name P1020390.jpg).jpg|Blue Mosque in Istanbul, an example of the classical style of Ottoman architecture File:Selimiye Mosque 026.jpg|Exterior design of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne File:Selimiye_Mosque,_Dome.jpg|Interior decoration of the dome of Selimiye Mosque, Edirne File:Sehzade_mosque_tombs_DSCF6289.jpg|Exterior of Şehzade Mehmed tomb (türbe) in the cemetery of Şehzade Mosque File:FatihBelediyeBinası.jpg|Old Fatih Municipality Building File:LimanHan.jpg|Liman Han (inn) Calligraphy File:Abdurrahman_Hilmi_-_Meşk_(calligraphy_exercise)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Sample training of Abdul Rahman Hilmi, ink, colours and gold on paper File:Copied_by_Mehmed_Şevki_Efendi_-_Qur’an_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Gold illuminated two opening chapters of the Quran by Mehmed Şevki Efendi File:Ahmet_Karahisari_001.jpg|Illuminated first page of Sura al-Baqara by calligrapher Ahmet Karahisari File:Description_of_the_Prophet_(Hilya_al-nabi),_by_Hafiz_Osman_(CBL_T_559.4).jpg|Description of the Prophet Muhammad by calligrapher Hafız Osman (1642–1698) File:Tugra Mahmuds II.gif|A step by step animation of the tughra of Sultan Mahmud II File:Tughra_Suleiman.jpg|Decorated tughra of Suleyman the Magnificent (1520) File:Berat_za_imam_vo_Sultan_Mehmed_dzamija_vo_Ohrid.jpg|A decree with royal tughra on top for appointing second imam in the Mehmed Sultan Mosque in Ohrid, Republic of Macedonia File:Blaue_Moschee_Kuppel_schräg.jpg|Main dome of the Blue Mosque with calligraphy inscriptions File:İstanbul-Topkapı_palace._-_panoramio.jpg|The testimony of faith (top) and tughras (right and left) inscribed on the entrance to a building at Topkapi Palace, Istanbul Carpets File:9Double-Niche Carpet LACMA M.2004.32 (cropped).jpg|Anatolian double-niche rug, Konya region, circa 1750–1800 File:Bergama_rug_18th_C.JPG|Bergama rug File:Carpet with Triple-arch Design MET DP166876.jpg File:Turkish_-_Prayer_Rug_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg File:Prayer_rug,_Turkey,_Bergama,_late_19th_century,_wool_-_Huntington_Museum_of_Art_-_DSC04879.JPG File:Vintage_Turkish_Kilim_Geometric_Patterned_Rug.jpg File:Pile_Rug,_ca_1875;_Southwestern_Anatolia.jpg File:Holbein_carpet_with_large_medallions_16th_century_Central_Anatolia.jpg Culinary art Dance File:Mehter march.jpg|A modern Ottoman military band (mehter) troop File:Turkish Folk Dance Team.jpg|A traditional Turkish folk dance team File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_01.jpg|Turkish Belly Dance at the 18th International Folklore Festival, 2012, Plovdiv, Bulgaria File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_12.jpg|A children's folk dance team from the Black Sea region File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_22.jpg|Turkish dance group File:18th_International_Folklore_Festival_2012,_Plovdiv_(Bulgaria)_-_Turkish_dance_group_34.jpg|Turkish dance group File:Zeybek.jpg|Zeybek Dancer Fashion File:EmperorSuleiman.jpg|Emperor Suleiman File:Sultan_Abdulmecid_Pera_Museum_3_b.jpg|Sultan Abdul Majid, Pera Museum File:Turkish_traditional_fashion6.jpg|Turkish model at a fashion show, Brussels, Belgium File:Turkish_traditional_fashion4.jpg|Turkish model at a fashion show, Brussels, Belgium File:Ralamb-114.jpg|Military Pictures from the Ralamb Costume Book, 1657 File:Coat_(left),_Turkey,_early_1900s,_silk,_cotton,_with_skirt_(right),_Syria,_late_1800s,_silk,_cotton_-_Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum_-_DSC00338.jpg|Women's dress, late 1800s, Syria (right) and coat from early 1900s, silk and cotton (left), exhibit in the Rautenstrauch-Joest-Museum, Cologne, Germany File:Le_costume_historique._Cinq_cents_planches,_trois_cents_en_couleurs,_or_et_argent,_deux_cents_en_camaieu._Types_principaux_du_vêtement_et_de_la_parure,_rapprochés_de_ceux_de_l%27intérieur_de_(14577511419).jpg|Historical Turkish costumes, 1880s, Smithsonian Libraries File:Ascibashi_of_the_Janissaries_in_ceremonial_uniform.jpg|Ashjibashi (head cook) of the Janissaries in ceremonial uniform File:Kul_Kethüdası.jpg|The Kul Kethüdası, commander of the third division of the Janissaries File:Silahdar_Agha,_sword-bearer_of_the_Sultan.jpg|Silahdar Agha, sword-bearer of the Sultan File:Şehzade.jpg|A Şehzade, Ottoman prince of the blood Handcraft File:Konya_Alaeddin_Mosque_minbar_DSCF7828.jpg|Minbar of the Alaeddin Mosque in Konya, dated to 1155–1156. This minbar is a prime example of the kündekâri technique, in which many interlocking pieces of wood are held together without the use of nails, pins, or glue File:Konya_Alaeddin_Mosque_minbar_DSCF7806.jpg|Individual pieces are carved with vegetal arabesque motifs within the wider geometric motif formed by the different pieces File:Alaeddin_Mosque_(Konya)_2340.jpg|Front part of Alaeddin Mosque's minbar File:Minbar of the Divrigi Mosque DSCF2721.jpg|The carved wood minbar of the Divriği Great Mosque and Hospital in Sivas, an example of Seljuk handicraft File:Minbar_of_the_Divrigi_Mosque_DSCF2701.jpg|Detail of the Divriği minbar: the lines between the wooden boards mounted side-by-side are visible, while the surface itself is carved with motifs imitating kündekâri work File:Siirt_Ulu_Camii_Minberi.jpg|Minbar of the Great Mosque of Siirt (13th century), now housed in the Ethnography Museum of Ankara File:Arslanhane_Camii,_2023_18.jpg|Minbar (pulpit) details at the Aslanhane Mosque, Ankara File:Arslanhane Camii, 2023 23.jpg|Further details at the Arslanhane Mosque, Ankara File:Arslanhane Camii, 2023 42.jpg|A top view of the mihrab (prayer niche) at the Arslanhane Mosque, Ankara File:Arslanhane Camii, 2023 31.jpg|Further details at the Arslanhane Mosque, Ankara File:Topkapı_Palace_Twin_Kiosok_2007.JPG|Stained glass windows at Topkapı Palace File:Inside_the_Harem,_Topkapi_Palace,_Istanbul,_Turkey_(Nov_2009).jpg|A room at Topkapı Palace, carpet with a small-pattern "Holbein" design Illumination File:Ottoman_Single-volume_Qur'an_(TIEM_224).jpg|Single-volume Qur’an. Copied by Khalil Allah ibn Mahmud Shah, illuminated by Muhammad ibn Ali File:Page_from_Ottoman_Qur'an_(TIEM_30.2a).jpg|Page from Ottoman Qur'an. Ink, color, and gold on paper. Probably Edirne File:Hilye-i_Şerif_Anthology_(SHM_10602).jpg|Hilye-i Şerif Anthology, early 19th century in Sadberk Hanım Museum File:Qur'an_copied_by_Abdullah_Zühdi.jpg|Qur'an copied by Abdullah Zühdi File:Khalili_Collection_Islamic_Art_cal_0353.2.jpg|The name 'Muhammad' is written in mirrored thuluth script, and filled with Qur'anic verses in ghubar File:Hilye-i_Şerif._Unknown,_circa_1725_(SHM_15501).jpg|Hilye-i Şerif. Unknown, Ottoman, circa 1725 in Sadberk Hanım Museum File:Double_page_from_the_"Divan-i_Muhibbi"_(IÜ_Ktp._T.5467_ff._359b-360a).jpg|"Divan-i Muhibbi",Calligraphy in nastaliq by Mehmed Şerif, illumination by Kara Memi, Istanbul, 1566 Miniature File:Ottoman_official,_Turkey,_Istanbul,_c._1650,_ink,_watercolour,_gold_on_paper_-_Aga_Khan_Museum_-_Toronto,_Canada_-_DSC06822.jpg|An Ottoman official miniature File:Battle_of_Mezőkeresztes_1596.jpg|Miniature depiction of the Battle of Mezőkeresztes, Hungary (1596) File:Capture_of_Buda,_1526.jpg|Capture of Buda (1526) File:French_fleet_with_Barbarossa_at_the_Siege_of_Nice_1543.jpg|Miniature depicting the Siege of Nice, France (1543) by Matrakçı Nasuh File:Matrakçı_Nasuh_Miyaneh_Map.JPG|16th century map of Miyaneh by Matrakçı Nasuh File:Manisa.jpg|The city of Manisa, with the Manisa Palace built by Sultan Murad II File:Selim_II_ascends_to_the_throne_-_B.jpg|Selim II ascends to the throne File:Topkapi_Sarayi_in_time_of_Selim_I_-_right.jpg|Topkapı Palace during the reign of Selim I File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_fireworks.png|Use of fireworks during the celebrations. File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_acrobacy.png|Acrobats during celebrations File:Surname-ı_Hümayun_parade.png|Ships of parade Painting File:Osman_Hamdi_Bey_-_Two_Musician_Girls_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Two Musician Girls by Osman Hamdi Bey File:Osman Hamdi Bey - The Tortoise Trainer - Google Art Project.jpg|The Tortoise Trainer by Osman Hamdi Bey, 1906 File:Osman_hamdy_bey,_vecchio_davanti_alle_tombe_di_bambini,_1903.JPG|Work by Osman Hamdi Bey File:Osman_Hamdi_Bey_-_Arzuhalci_,_Public_Scribe_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Arzuhalci by Osman Hamdi Bey File:OttomanNavy.jpg|Ottoman Navy at Ortaköy in Painting Museum of Dolmabahçe Palace Sculpture File:20220620163423!Güzel_İstanbul_Heykeli.jpg|Güzel İstanbul by Gürdal Duyar File:Akdeniz_Heykeli,_Yapı_Kredi_Kültür_Sanat.jpg|Akdeniz by İlhan Koman File:Ilhan_Koman_Vattenvirveln.JPG|Water Swirl by İlhan Koman File:Monument_to_Humanity_by_Mehmet_Aksoy_in_Kars,_Turkey.jpg|Statue of Humanity by Mehmet Aksoy File:Efe's_Love.jpg|Efenin Aşkı by Hüseyin Gezer Tiles File:Cem_Sultan_tomb_7954.jpg|Cem Sultan tomb in Bursa, the first official capital of the Ottoman Empire File:Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2278.jpg|Tiles of the circumcision room at Topkapi Palace File:Topkapi_circumcision_room_tiles_DSCF2350.jpg|Tiles of the circumcision room at Topkapi Palace File:Harem_entrance_Topkapi_Istanbul_2007_73.JPG|The entrance to the Harem at Topkapi Palace File:Istanbul_asv2020-02_img15_Topkapı_Palace.jpg|Eunuchs' Courtyard in Harem of Topkapı Palace File:Dome_of_the_Rock,_Facade_(2008)_01.jpg|Tile decoration on the Dome of the Rock, added during Sultan Suleiman's reign File:Tiles_of_the_Rüstem_Paşa_Mosque_(6424912727).jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Pasha Mosque File:DSC04138_Istanbul_-_Rüstem_Pasha_camii_-_Foto_G._Dall'Orto_26-5-2006.jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Paşa Mosque File:Rüstem_Pasha_mosque_tiles_-_single_tile.jpg|Tiles of the Rüstem Paşa Mosque File:Tile_Iznik_Met_64.27.17.jpg|Iznik (ancient Nicea) tiles File:Turkey;_Iznik_-_Two_Tiles_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg|Iznik (ancient Nicea) tiles File:Final_Topikapi_Imperial_Council_Second_Courtyrd_Tile.svg|Tiles of the Imperial Council Second Courtyard Weapons File:OttomanHorseArcher.jpg|An Ottoman horse archer File:Ottoman Mamluk horseman circa 1550.jpg|Ottoman Mamluk horseman with mail and plate armour, 1550 File:Wien Schatzkammer Deutscher Orden - Osmanische Säbel.jpg|Jeweled Ottoman sabres File:Pala type of kilij.jpg|Kilij sword was in use from the early 17th century, for more than 300 years, well into the 20th century. File:Ottoman yatagan (yataghan) sword.JPG|Ottoman yataghan sword, 19th century or earlier. File:Ottoman cannon end of 16th century length 385cm cal 178mm weight 2910 stone projectile founded 8 October 1581 Alger seized 1830.jpg|Decorated Ottoman cannon, 1581 File:Turkish guns 1750-1800.jpg|Ottoman rifles "Shishane", 1750-1800 ==See also==