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Type UB I submarine

The Type UB I submarine was a class of small coastal submarines (U-boats) built in Germany at the beginning of the First World War. Twenty boats were constructed, most of which went into service with the German Imperial Navy Boats of this design were also operated by the Austro-Hungarian Navy and the Bulgarian Navy. In the Austro-Hungarian Navy, it was called the U-10 class.

Design
In the earliest stages of the First World War, the German Army's rapid advance along the North Sea coast found the German Imperial Navy without submarines suitable to operate in the narrow and shallow seas off Flanders. By 18 August 1914, two weeks after the German invasion of Belgium, the planning of a series of small coastal submarines had already begun. The German Imperial Navy stipulated that the submarines must be transportable by rail, which imposed a maximum diameter of . The rushed planning effort—which had been assigned the name "Project 34"—resulted in the Type UB I design, created specifically for operation from Flanders. The boats were to be about long and to displace about with two bow torpedo tubes. Characteristics On 15 October, eight Type UB I – were ordered from Germaniawerft Kiel and seven Type UB I – from AG Weser of Bremen. The Germaniawerft-built boats at length overall, were longer than the AG Weser-built boats. All were abeam, had a draft of , a height of and a constructional diving depth of . The boats all had a pressure hull with a length of , displaced while surfaced, but while submerged UB-1 - UB-8 displaced whilst UB-9 - UB-17 displaced . The former had an average diving time of twenty to thirty-three seconds, whilst the latter had an average diving time of twenty-two to thirty-three seconds. The drivetrain of the boats consisted of a single propeller shaft driven by a four-cylinder, four-stroke RS164 Daimler (Germaniawerft) or Körting (Weser) diesel engine on the surface, or a Siemens-Schuckert electric motor for underwater travel. UB-1 - UB-8 had a top surface speed of , and when submerged. Cruising range was at on the surface and at submerged. UB-9 - UB-17 boats were capable of on the surface and submerged. Cruising range was at on the surface and at submerged. The boats were equipped with two bow torpedo tubes and carried just two C/03 torpedoes. They were also armed with a single machine gun affixed to the deck. Type UB I U-boats had a complement of one officer and thirteen men. The boats were equipped with compensating tanks designed to flood and offset the loss of the C/03 torpedo's weight when these were fired, but this system did not always function properly; as a result, when firing from periscope depth the boat could broach after firing or, if too much weight was taken on, plunge to the depths. In-service use revealed another problem: with a single propeller shaft/engine combination, if either component failed, the U-boat was almost totally disabled. To address these problems, the next class of coastal U-boats, the Type UB II needed to be much larger and the Type UB I was not further developed. As a stopgap measure, four Type UB I U-boats were converted into minelayers, by increasing the hull length to , and replacing the forward torpedo compartment with four mineshafts that could contain eight mines. == Construction ==
Construction
The German Imperial Navy ordered its first fifteen Type UB I boats on 15 October 1914. and seven boats—numbered UB-9 to U-15—from AG Weser of Bremen. the German Imperial Navy ordered ' and ' from Weser. A further three for Austria-Hungary —U-15, U-16, and U-17—had been ordered from Weser by April, bringing the total number constructed to 20. UB-1 was launched on 22 January 1915, just 75 working days later. The process of shipping the submarines by rail involved breaking the submarines down into what was essentially a knock down kit. Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway flatcars. Type UB I boats destined for service with the Flanders Flotilla () made a five-day journey to Antwerp for the two- to three-week assembly process. After assembly at Antwerp the boats were towed by barge to Bruges for trials. The total time from departure of the railcars from the shipyard to operational readiness for the boats was about six weeks. ==History==
History
The Type UB I were in active service from March 1915 through the end of the war, with half of the 20 boats lost during the war. UB-10 was eventually joined in the Flanders Flotilla by UB-2, UB-4, UB-5, UB-6, UB-12, UB-13, UB-16, and UB-17; of these, only UB-2 made the journey to Flanders by sea rather than rail. and was responsible for sinking the first ship sent down by the flotilla. The Type UB I boats of the Flanders Flotilla originally patrolled the area between the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, Over the Type UB Is' first year of service, UB-4 and UB-13 were both lost, and UB-2 and UB-5 were transferred to the Baltic Flotilla. In March 1917, UB-6 ran aground in Dutch waters and was interned for the rest of the war, along with her crew. The four remaining Type UB Is in Flanders—UB-10, UB-12, UB-16, UB-17—were all converted to minelayers by 1918, having their hull extended to . Their torpedo tubes were removed, and replaced with four mine tubes to carry eight mines. All but UB-10 were lost in 1918; UB-10, in poor repair and out of service, was scuttled in October 1918 when the Germans evacuated from Flanders. Baltic Flotilla UB-9 was initially assigned to the Baltic Flotilla,() and was joined by UB-2 and UB-5 in early 1916. All three became training boats at Kiel in 1916, Little information is available about the Type UB I boats operating in the Baltic. Constantinople Flotilla Four of the German Imperial Navy boats—UB-3, UB-7, UB-8, and UB-14—were selected for service with the Constantinople Flotilla. () All were sent to Pola for assembly and trials there as part of the Pola Flotilla() before sailing on to join the Constantinople Flotilla. UB-3 disappeared en route to Constantinople in May 1915, leaving UB-14 as the sole remaining German Type UB I in the flotilla; she was surrendered at Sevastopol in November 1918 to French armies stationed there during the Russian Civil War. Austro-Hungarian Navy UB-1 and the still incomplete UB-15 were sold to the Austria-Hungary in February 1915; both were dismantled and shipped to Pola in May. After one cruise under the German flag, each boat was commissioned into the Austro-Hungarian Navy. The pair—renamed U-10 and U-11, respectively—were joined by U-15, U-16, and U-17 in October. the five boats operated primarily in the Adriatic in patrols off Italy and Albania. U-10 (ex UB-1) hit a mine in July 1918 and was beached, but had not been repaired by the end of the war. U-16 was sunk after she torpedoed an Italian destroyer in October 1916, and the remaining three (and the unrepaired U-10) were ceded to Italy at the end of the war. In addition, four Type UB Is (assigned to the Pola Flotilla based at the Austro-Hungarian Navy's main naval base at Pola were assigned Austro-Hungarian designations. These were (as U-9), (as U-7), (as U-8), (as U-26). These four boats remained under commission in the German Imperial Navy, retained German crews and commanders, and received orders from the German flotilla commander at Pola. Bulgarian Navy Germany and Bulgaria negotiated the purchase of two UB I boats for the Bulgarian Navy, and , in 1916. Two crews of Bulgarian sailors were sent to Kiel for training. Before the purchase could be completed, UB-7 was sunk, leaving only one boat for Bulgaria. On 25 May 1916, UB-8 was officially transferred to Bulgaria for the remainder of the war and renamed Podvodnik No. 18 (in Cyrillic: Подводник No. 18). She was Bulgaria's first submarine, and was engaged primarily in coastal defense duties off Bulgaria's main Black Sea port of Varna. Podvodnik No. 18 survived the war and was ceded to France after the Treaty of Neuilly-sur-Seine. == Footnotes ==
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