Central Rada

From its beginning the council directed the Ukrainian national movement and with its four Universals led the country from autonomy to full sovereignty. During its brief existence from 1917 to 1918, the Central Rada, which was headed by the Ukrainian historian and ethnologist Mykhailo Hrushevsky, evolved into the fundamental governing institution of the Ukrainian People's Republic and set precedents in parliamentary democracy and national independence that formed the basis of an independent Ukrainian identity after the dissolution of the Soviet Union. During the Soviet era, official ideology described the Central Council as a counter-revolutionary body of the bourgeoisie and petty-bourgeois nationalist parties. ==Establishment==

All-Ukrainian National Congress and the Proclamation Among the first in Kiev who learned about the February events outcome in Petrograd was Maksym Synytskyi, director of the Rodyna Club (Family club, previously as Ukrainian Club). Already at night on Starytskyi shared information about the events with Vasyl Koroliv-Staryi and later with all his acquaintances and friends from the Rodyna Club, the Society of Ukrainian Progressionists (TUP), "Chas" (Time) publishing. There also was a discussion about plans for the April 1 Ukrainian manifestation in Kiev. The Central Rada, whilst led by the Ukrainian liberal progressives, included Ukrainian moderates, social democrats (including a small contingent of Bolsheviks) and socialist-revolutionaries. On the Central Council General Assembly adopted the "Order to the Ukrainian Central Council" ("Nakaz") that became de facto its first bylaws. According to democratic organizational principles, the higher body of the Central Council was defined its General Assembly. In the "Nakaz" of April 23 it was mentioned that it "determines direction and nature of all work of the Central Council". The regular meetings of General Assembly had to be convened not less often than once a month, yet in case of urgent need could be convened emergency meetings which considered valid with any number of attendees. Throughout the whole period of the Central Council existence, there took place nine meetings of the General Assembly. Prior to the First Ukrainian Universal the Central Rada was increased by 130 representatives that were delegated by the II Military Congress (June 23, 1917) and 133 members of the Peasants' Deputies Council who were elected at the I All-Ukrainian Peasants' Congress (June 15, 1917). In July 1917 Russian and Jewish parties joined the Central Rada, expanding the non-Ukrainian membership significantly. Central Council General Assemblies The first Central Council General Assembly took place on , the final day of the All-Ukrainian National Congress. The meeting checked and approved the list of the Central Council members elected by the congress and formed an executive body, the Central Council Committee. The second Central Council General Assembly () reviewed the issue of Ukrainization of military and adopted the first legal document of the Central Council, the earlier mentioned "Nakaz". The third Central Council General Assembly () concentrated on the issue of relationships with the Russian Provisional Government and sending of a plenipotentiary delegation to Petrograd in order to resolve the issue about the right of Ukrainian people for their national territorial autonomy. The fourth Central Council General Assembly () listened to the report of Volodymyr Vynnychenko about the diplomatic mission of the Council's delegation to Petrograd, about denial by the Russian Provisional Government the autonomy demands. The meeting adopted to appeal to Ukrainian people with a call "immediate laying of the foundations of the autonomous system in Ukraine". That resolution became an important basis for the proclamation of the First Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council. The fifth Central Council General Assembly () approved creation of the General Secretariat and its first declaration, adopted number of resolutions that concerned the Central Council reorganization by adding representatives of national minorities who lived in Ukraine. The Assembly decided to convene in Kiev the congress of peoples of Russia who were seeking a federal system of the country, amended the Central Council Committee statute by expanding its rights and number of members, discussed the course of negotiations of the Central Council leadership with the Russian Provisional Government delegation in Kiev, adopted the Second Universal of the Ukrainian Central Council. The sixth Central Council General Assembly () roughly discussed the situation that arose after the refusal of the Provisional Government to approve the "Statute of the Higher Authority of Ukraine" replacing it with the "Provisional Instruction to the General Secretariat of the Provisional Government". At that assembly there was raised the question of convening the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly as well as condemned the initiative of the Provisional Government to carry on the State Conference on in Moscow. The seventh Central Council General Assembly () paid attention mainly finding a way out of the situation in the country after toppling down of the Provisional Government in Petrograd and the armed incident in Kiev. The eighth Central Council General Assembly () debated sharply on issues of peace and land, discussed the course of preparation to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections. The ninth Central Council General Assembly () approved laws on land and eight-hours workday, made some changes to the law on Ukrainian Constituent Assembly elections, discussed the course of peace talks in Brest-Litovsk, the situation that arose in connection with the Bolshevik offensive and the Arsenal January Uprising, authorized the reorganization of the Minor Council, approved Vsevolod Holubovych on the post of the Council of People's Ministers chairman. In general, the Ukrainian Central Council General Assembly was built as a parliamentary session from the very beginning copying procedures of the Russian State Duma. The Ukrainian Central Council was divided by party factions that in need formed blocks. They were submitting interpolations (inquiries). There also existed various parliamentary commissions: some on a permanent basis, others – situationally to address any urgent need. During discussions of some complicated issues, there were created conciliatory commissions. As a rule, decisions were made by simple majority of votes. Despite all their high powers, the general assembly appeared to be an inefficient institution. About organic deficiencies of their work testifies number of documents and, in particular, the very session protocols such as outbreaks of political emotions, demagoguery and populism over a constructive policy. Selected sessions were protesting in nature transforming in verbal battles of numerous party factions. ==Central Council Committee (Minor Council)==

The Mala Rada (also called the Small, Little or Minor Council) was the Central Executive Committee of the Central Rada. It was created in April 1917 and consisted of 19 members: M. Hrushevsky (chairman), S. Yefremov and V. Vynnychenko as deputy chairmen, Baranovsky, Boiko, Zaporozhets, Koval, Kosiv, Connor-Vilinska, Kryzhanovsky, Mirna, Nikovsky, Odynets, Prokopovych, Stasiuk, Starytska-Cherniakhivska, Sadovsky, Chykalenko and Khrystiuk as members. The elected Chairman of the was Hrushevsky who also held the position in addition to his role as Chairman of the Central Rada. His deputies were Vynnychenko and Yefremov. All important matters of state were addressed at meetings of the Mala Rada in the first instance and later any legislation were to be ratified in a plenum session of the Central Rada. ==Political proclamations (Universal)==

, a meeting place of the Little Council First Universal On the Ukrainian Central Council proclaimed at the second All-Ukrainian military congress its First Universal "To the Ukrainian Nation in Ukraine and beyond its existence". It was a respond of the Ukrainian Central Council to Russian Provisional Government on its negative stance towards the Ukrainian autonomy. According with the First Universal, "without separating from the whole Russia... Ukrainian people must themself manage their lives", laws have to be adopted by the Ukrainian National Assembly. The author of the First Universal was Volodymyr Vynnychenko. Following proclamation of the autonomy, on there was created the General Secretariat. The main provisions of the First Universal: Second Universal On the Ukrainian Central Council adopted its Second Universal. Contents: The Second Universal was proclaimed at a Ukrainian Central Council session. Third Universal Following the Bolsheviks' coup-d'état (so called October Revolution) in Russia, on the Central Council proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic with a determined territory in federal ties with the Russian Republic. Simultaneously, the Central Council adopted a law about elections to the Ukrainian Constituent Assembly and number of other laws. The Central Council was supported by the majority of population in Ukraine as it was shown at elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly on where Ukrainian parties received 75% of votes to Bolsheviks' mere 11%. Since November, the Bolsheviks had already made several attempts to seize power in Ukraine (see Kiev Bolshevik Uprising). Following another failed uprising in Kiev, on December 17 the Russian Bolshevik Government (Sovnarkom) announced an ultimatum to the Ukrainian Central Council, which the Central Council rejected. Then the Bolshevik troops began an offensive in Ukraine. Convened in Kiev on December 17 the Congress of Soviets of Peasants, Soldiers, and Workers Deputies expressed their "full confidence and strong support for the Ukrainian Central Council". The Bolsheviks' Deputies were forced to move to Kharkov where on December 25 they created an alternative government to the Central Council and General Secretariat, called the People's Secretariat. At the same time, the Central Council sent its delegation to the Peace Conference with the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk. Fourth Universal The Universal proclaimed the Ukrainian People's Republic, as a "separate, depended on nobody, free, sovereign state of Ukrainian people", an executive body the General Secretariat — Council of People's Ministers. It changed the regular army with a police force; instructed to carry on elections of peoples' soviets: volosts, county, and local; established monopoly on trade; control over banks; confirmed the law on transfer of land to peasants without redemption taking as a basis the abolition of private property and socialization of land. It instructed the Council of People's Ministers to continue the started negotiations with the Central Powers to the signing of peace; called on all citizens of the Ukrainian People's Republic to fight against Bolsheviks. Conditions of the Fourth Universal: ==Members==

By the end of July 1917 the Central Rada formally had 822 deputies (according to Pavlo Khrystiuk). Its members belonged to the following parties: • All-Ukrainian Peasants' Deputies Council — 212 • All-Ukrainian Military Deputies Council — 158 • All-Ukrainian Workers' Deputies Council — 100 • Representatives of non-Ukrainian Workers' and Military Deputies Councils — 50 • Ukrainian socialist parties — 20 • Russian socialist parties — 40 • Jewish socialist parties Fareyniktes, Bundists, Poalei Zionists — 35 • Polish Socialist Party — 15 • Representatives of cities and governorates — 84 • Representatives of professional, educational, economic and public organizations and other national minorities — 108 The Mala Rada was elected out of these 822 deputies with 58 members including 18 members of various national minorities. From the initiative of the Central Rada a congress of Russian nationalities took place in Kiev on 21–28 September 1917. ==Fate of the Central Council members==

All members of the council were proclaimed outlaws by the Soviet government of Ukraine in December 1917 as part of a national-bourgeois government. On 29 January 1918 Bolshevist troops entered Kiev and declared a ''Soviet Coup d'etat. The Kiev garrison joined with the Soviets and deposed the Rada. The Bolsheviks established Kharkov as the capital of the Soviets of the Ukraine''. ;Exiled • Volodymyr Vynnychenko, died in France • Khrystofor Baranovsky, died in Brazil • Borys Martos, died in the United States • Moishe Zilberfarb, died in Poland • Mieczysław Mickiewicz, died in Poland • Oleksander Lototsky, died in Poland • Oleksander Shulhyn, died in France • Ivan Mirny, died in Czechoslovakia • Mykola Porsh, died in Germany • Mykola Kovalevsky, died in Austria • Mykyta Shapoval, died in Czechoslovakia • Dmytro Antonovych, died in Czechoslovakia • Nykyfor Hryhoriiv-Nash, died in the United States • Mykhailo Yeremiiv, died in Switzerland • Pavlo Zaitsev, died in Germany • Volodymyr Kedrovsky, died in the United States • Andri Livytsky, died in Germany • Dmytro Chyzhevsky, died in Germany • Yevhen Onatsky, died in Argentina • Oleksander Slyvynsky, died in Canada • Levko Chykalenko, died in the United States • Andri Yakovliv, died in the United States • Solomon Goldelman, died in Israel • Kornel (Korni) Nishchemenko, died in the United States • Viktor Prykhodko, died in the United States (1982) • Kost Turkalo, died in the United States • Panas Fedenko, died in Germany • Dmytro Isayevych, died in Poland • Metropolitan Ilarion (Ivan Ohienko), died in Canada • Vyacheslav Prokopovych, died in France • Fedir Shvets, died in Czechoslovakia • Valeria O'Connor-Vilinska, died in Czechoslovakia • Sofia Rusova (Lindfors), died in Czechoslovakia • Teodor Shteingel, died in Germany • Yuri Tyshchenko, died in the United States • Oleksander Salikovsky, died in Poland • Zinaida Mirna (Khylchevska), died in Czechoslovakia • Oleksander Vilinsky, died in Czechoslovakia • Dmytro Doroshenko, died in Germany • Mykhailo Korchynsky, died in Poland • Tymish Olesiyuk, died in the United States (1978) ;Imprisoned • Pavlo Khrystiuk, died in Sevvostlag • Serhiy Yefremov, died in Vladimir city prison • Valentyn Sadovsky, died in Lukyanivska Prison • Vsevolod Holubovych, died in Yaroslavl city prison • Vasyl Mazurenko, died near Almaty • Illya Shrag, died in Chernihiv (under house arrest) • Kuzma Korzh, died in Kiev - shot by Cheka • Kostyantyn Vasylenko, died in Vinnytsia - shot by Cheka • Hryhori Holoskevych, died in Tomsk - suicide • Anatoli Pisotsky, died in Mykolaiv Oblast • Mykola (Hryhorovych) Levytsky, died in Krasnoyarsky Krai • Mykola Chechel, died in Suzdal • Arkadi Stepanenko, died in Kiev • Mykola Tkachenko, died in Moscow • Yuri Tyutyunyk, died in Moscow • Fedir Kryzhanivsky, died in Kiev • Mykhailo Poloz, died at Solovki • Viktor Poplavko, imprisoned in 1937, executed in 1938 • David Petrovsky, imprisoned in 1937, executed in 1937 • Oleksander Shumsky, died at Solovki • Mykola Vorony, executed in Odessa • Yuri Shapoval, died at Solovki • Ivan Feshchenko-Chopivsky, died in Kozhvinski Raion (Komi Republic) • Mykola Galagan, died in Lukyanivska Prison • Maksym Slavinsky, died in Kiev Oblast NKVD prison #1 • Mykola Lyubynsky, died at Solovki • Lyudmyla Starytska-Chernyakhivska, died in transit to Kazakhstan • Mykola Simashkevych, died in Kiev • Yevtykhi (Yavtukh) Harmash, died in Poltava • Antin Drahomyretsky, died in Kharkov ;Assassinated (or killed in action) • Symon Petliura, killed in Paris (1926) • Ivan Steshenko, killed in Poltava (1918) • Oleksander-Bohdan Zarudny, killed in Kiev (1918) • Loenard Bochkovsky, killed in Kiev (1918) • Ivan Lutsenko, killed near Starokostyantyniv (1919) • Mykola Mikhnovsky, killed at home (1924) • Isaak Puhach, killed in Kiev (1918) ;Fate unknown • Mykola Stasiuk, worked as an editor of a local newspaper in Mariupol during World War II • Moisei Rafes, died in 1942 • Aleksandr Zarubin • Mykhailo Savchenko-Bilsky • Aleksandr Zolotarev • Zinovi Vysotsky • Prokip Ponyatenko • Oleksander Zhukovsky • Yosyp Mayevsky • Volodymyr Naumenko, died in Ukraine, shot by Cheka • Petro Artemenko • Mykola Herasymenko • Andriy Nikovsky, was looking for a job in Leningrad before World War II • Oleksander Stepanenko, died in Siberia in 1924 • Serhi Vikul • Yevhen Kasianenko • Oleksander Yanko • Oleksander Zhukivsky • Andri Likhnyakevych, emigration • Antin Postolovsky, emigration • Pavlo Pohorilko, the archbishop of All Ukraine was arrested in Kharkov in 1929 — his subsequent fate is unknown. ;Died as victims of the Holodomor or of illness • Myhaylo Tuhan-Baranovsky, 1919 (heart-attack) • Petro Stebnytsky, 1923 (hunger) • Mykola Vasylenko, 1935 (illness) • Viktor Pavlenko, 1932 (hunger) • Stepan Erastov, 1933 (hunger) • Mykhailo Hrushevsky, 1934 (medical mistreatment) • Mykola Bilyashivsky, 1926 (hunger) • Oleksander Voloshyn, 1933 (hunger) • Volodymyr Shemet, 1933 (hunger) • Mykola (Vasylyovych) Levytsky, 1936 (hunger) • Mykola Shrag, 1970 • Serhi Kolos, 1969 • Lyubov Yanovska (Shcherbachova), 1933 • Fedir Matushevsky, 1919 • Lev Han, 1919 (typhus) • Andri Viazlov, 1919 (typhus) • Andriy Dolud, 1976 ; Other victims and related people: • wife of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Maria-Ivanna Sylvestrivna Hrushevska (Voyakovska), died soon after was brutally robbed in 1948 • daughter of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Kateryna Mykhailivna Hrushevska, died in Temlag in 1943 being in custody since 1938 • brother of Mykhailo Hrushevsky, Oleksandr Serhiyovych Hrushevsky, was arrested soon after the death of Mykhailo — his subsequent fate is unknown. • Arystarkh Ternychenko, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), fate unknown • Serhii Ostapenko, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), fate unknown • Ovksenti Korchak-Chepurivsky, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), died from natural causes in 1947 • Volodymyr Oskilko, a member of the opposition to the Martos government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), assassinated by Cheka in 1926 • Isaak Mazepa, was a member of the government (not mentioned as a member of the Central Rada), died in Germany ==See also==