Chronology of Ukrainian language suppression actions

(1588), written in Ruthenian (Old Ukrainian) Before the Russian rule, there were several written languages in Ukraine. Religious texts were dominated by the Ukrainian variant of Church Slavonic (also called Meletian, named after the reforms of Meletius Smotrytsky, the archbishop of Polotsk). Following the Polish annexation of the Galician part of the Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia, first Latin and then the Polish language were introduced as languages of administration as early as the 15th century. The polonization of the Ukrainian elites led to the use of Polish in other areas, and in the 17th century it became the main language of religious polemics. Ukrainians who did not undergo language polonisation used Church Slavonic in high-ranking texts (liturgical, theological, dramatic texts, and poetry). Literart Ruthenian, known as prosta mova, was used in tales and private documents. It initially developed in the Belarusian territories and had many features of the spoken Belarusian language, but over time it took over the features of the local language in the Ukrainian territories, and also borrowed much from Church Slavonic and Polish. The language shaped in this way became the language of administration in the Cossack Hetmanate, it also began to be used as the language of literature, became standardized and moved away from the spoken language. At the end of the 18th century the Ukrainian writer and social activist Ivan Kotliarevsky initiated the process of the formation of the modern literary Ukrainian language, based on south-eastern dialects and prosta mova. Restrictions imposed by the Russian government caused the development of the Ukrainian language to move to western Ukraine, which led to changes in the language, called Galicianisms. The systematic suppression of the Ukrainian language by Russia began with the conquest of Left-bank Ukraine (16541667) and the liquidation of the Cossack Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Sich in 1764 and 1775. There were no similar administrative obstacles to the development of the Ukrainian literary language in western Ukraine, which was part of the Austrian Empire, but due to its inferior status (the official languages were German and Polish) and the lack of a Ukrainian-speaking intelligentsia, the development of the Ukrainian language was hindered. ==Chronology==

17th18th century • 1620 – Patriarch Filaret of Moscow pronounces an anathema that was to last until the end of the century upon "books of Lithuanian imprint" (meaning Ukrainian and Belarusian), practically the only secular books available in Russia. • 1693 – Patriarch Adrian of Moscow allows only brief works to be printed in the "local dialect," bans their distribution outside the Ukrainian eparchies. He was following the teaching of Patriarch Joachim, who introduced an obligatory doctrine, repressing any peculiarities, including Ukrainian recension of Church Slavonic and about 300 books published in Kyiv throughout the 17th century. • 1720 – Peter I prohibits the printing house of Chernihiv and the in Kyiv from printing any books, except religious books, and those only using the "Great Russian language", by which one should essentially understand the Russian version of Church Slavonic. In practice, this means a ban on using the Ukrainian redaction of Church Slavonic in print. • 1766 – the Most Holy Synod, governing body of the Russian Orthodox Church, orders the printing houses of the Pechersk Lavra and Chernihiv to stop sending requests for publication of new books, and instead print only those previously printed in Moscow, without changing their content or language. In 1765–1786, the administrative language of the Hetmanate was gradually Russified, it led to the complete adoption of Russian as the language of administration of Ukrainian lands in place of the Ruthenian language at the end of the period. As a result, the Ruthenian language was limited to private use and to works not designed for printing. 19th century • 1863 – Circular issued by Russia's minister of internal affair Pyotr Valuyev prohibiting censors from giving permission to the publication of Ukrainian spiritual and popular educational literature. • 1861 – a July 26 resolution by the Austrian State Ministry allows reading instruction in the native language. • 1864 – adoption of the Charter of the primary school at which education was to be conducted only in Russian. • 1866 – the December 31 Diet of Galicia and Lodomeria resolution gives the right to decide on the language of instruction in elementary schools to the people and institutions that maintain the school. In the case of public schools, this decision was made by the local authority, when the composition of the school was mixed the school had to be bilingual (the resolution was introduced on 22 June 1867). • 1867 – Austrian December Constitution guarantees all residents of Cisleithania the right to education in their native language. • 1869 – Polish language replaces German as the official language of education and of the administration in Austrian Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria. • 1933 – abolition in Romania Ministerial Decree of 31 December 1929, which permits a few hours a week of the Ukrainian language in schools with a majority of students with the Ukrainians. • 1989 – the decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU on "legislative consolidation of the Russian language as a nationwide". • 2014 – the Ukrainian language has been suppressed in Russia-occupied Crimea, so-called Luhansk People's Republic, and so-called Donetsk People's Republic (see Occupied territories of Ukraine). • 2022 – after the Russian invasion of Ukraine, high-level Russian officials repeatedly denying the existence of Ukrainian language (and Ukrainian culture and national identity) is cited as part of incitement to genocide in a report by more than thirty experts. Also Russians reportedly burn Ukrainian books en masse on occupied territories, and brought their teachers to the occupied territories to teach propaganda history. == See also ==