Lymnaeidae

2005 taxonomy Bouchet & Rocroi (2005) recognized four subfamilies within Lymnaeidae: • subfamily Lymnaeinae Rafinesque, 1815 - synonyms: Amphipepleinae Pini, 1877; Limnophysidae W. Dybowski, 1903; Acellinae Hannibal, 1912; Fossariinae B. Dybowski 1913 • subfamily Lancinae Hannibal, 1914 • † subfamily Scalaxinae Zilch, 1959 • † subfamily Valencieniinae Kramberger-Gorjanovic, 1923 - synonym: Clivunellidae Kochansky-Devidé & Sliskovic, 1972 2013 taxonomy Vinarski (2013) established a new subfamily Radicinae within Lymnaeidae, but be considered position neither of Lancinae nor of extinct genera. • subfamily Radicinae Vinarski, 2013 == Cladogram ==

Correa et al. (2010) two by Hubendick (1951), Results by Correa et al. (2010) suggested including Stagnicola emarginata, Stagnicola elodes, Stagnicola catascopium and Lymnaea occulta within a new genus Catascopia, while Stagnicla caperata would belong to the genus Hinkleyia Baker, 1928. It would be preferable to use Bullastra Pfeiffer, 1839 for all species of clade C3a to fit the ICZN. ==Genera==

Genera in the family Lymnaeidae include: subfamily Lymnaeinae • Acella Haldeman, 1841 • Bullastra Bergh, 1901 • Lanx Clessin, 1880 - type genus of the subfamily Lancinae † subfamily Scalaxinae • Scalaxis Pilsbry, 1909 - type genus of the subfamily Scalaxinae † subfamily Valencieniinae • † Provalenciennesia Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 • † Valenciennius Rousseau, 1842 - type genus of the subfamily Valencieniinae ;Genera brought into synonymy: • † Provalenciennius Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923: synonym of † Provalenciennesia Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 • † Valenciennesia Fischer, 1859: synonym of † Valenciennius Rousseau, 1842 subfamily ? • Adelinella Wenz, 1922 • † Boskovicia Brusina, 1894 • † Clivunella Katzer, 1918 • † Corymbina Bulowski, 1892 • Fisherola Hannibal, 1912 • Glacilimnea Iredale, 1943 • † Hiscerus Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 • Peplimnea Iredale, 1943 • Simlimnea Iredale, 1943 • † Undulotheca Gorjanović-Kramberger, 1923 • † Velutinopsis Sandberger, 1875 • † Zagrabica Brusina, 1884 == Distribution ==

Lymnaeidae snails occur worldwide, == Description ==

This family exhibits a great diversity in shell morphology but extremely homogeneous anatomical traits. illustrated this point by compiling up to 1143 species names, a large number of which he synonymized. In contrast, the anatomy of their reproductive tracts (including prostate, penis and preputium) is extremely homogeneous. Immunological, cytogenetical, enzyme electrophoresis studies, and DNA-based approaches have demonstrated extensive homoplasy in anatomical characters. == Ecology ==

Lymnaeidae are of major medical and veterinary importance since they act as vectors of parasites (helminths, mainly trematodes, e.g., Fasciola liver flukes) that severely affect human populations and livestock, and cause important economic losses. Lymnaeids serve as intermediate hosts of at least 71 trematode species distributed among 13 families, including some species of Schistosomatidae and Echinostomatidae, with implications for human health, and Paramphistomum daubneyi, which is of veterinary interest. The most emblematic case of parasite transmitted by lymnaeids is Fasciola hepatica (Digenea: Fasciolidae), the agent of fascioliasis. Mollusks, generally lymnaeids, are required as intermediate hosts to complete the life cycle of Fasciola hepatica. At least 20 species of Lymnaeidae have been described as potential vectors of fascioliasis. ==References==