Radio Radicale

.|right Radio Radicale was founded between 1975 and 1976 by a group belonging to the Radical Party in a small apartment near Villa Pamphili, in the Gianicolense district of Rome. Following the liberalization of radio broadcasting by the Constitutional Court between 1974 and 1976, and the spread of small private radio stations, Radio Radicale was known for its use of low-cost equipment but it stood out for its particular philosophy. Radio Radicale set out to create a valid public service alternative to the state broadcaster RAI, using the name “Radicale” (radical not just in reference to its role as a party organ but also for an editorial policy characterized by impartiality, professionalism and innovation. The initiative of uncensored phone calls was repeated in 1991 and 1993. The official website was created in 1998, expanding the station’s audio programming with multimedia content. The full archive was placed online for free download. Recent events In 1997, the Prodi I Cabinet refused to renew the agreement with Radio Radicale for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions and RAI began to develop its own dedicated radio station 7 years since the law which instituted it. Important cultural and political personalities asked the government to consider the so-called "Mammì bill"—which obliged Rai to create a parliamentary radio channel—null and void. The proposal was to extend the agreement with Radio Radicale for another 3 years, and to allow for a call for tender when the contract would come up for renewal. Following a political debate with demonstrations and nonviolent initiatives by the Radicals, the Parliament approved the law Nº 224 of 11 July 1998 concerning ''Radio broadcasting of Parliament's work and benefits for publishing''. The law established the call for tender as a stipulation of the agreement and renewed the contract with Radio Radicale for another three years. RAI’s obligation to broadcast parliamentary sessions was kept, but the public company was prevented from extending its radio network until the entry into force of the telecommunications general reform. In 2001, 2004 and 2006, the agreement with Radio Radicale was renewed according to the stipulations of the financial law. Under the contract, Radio Radicale has to broadcast, between 8 am and 9 pm, at least 60% of the annual total number of hours dedicated by the Parliament to the sessions in the chambers. Those broadcasts cannot be interrupted, preceded or followed, for a period of thirty minutes from their beginning and their end, by commercial or political advertisements. Renewal of the agreement (2010–2013) For 2010 and 2011, the agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development included a €9.9 million funding for Centro di produzione S.p.a. For 2012, two laws of 2011 allowed a total expenditure of €10 million and for 2013 the same amount was confirmed in 2012. Renewal in 2018-2019 Up to 2018, Radio Radicale received €8.2 million, according to the agreement with the Ministry of Economic Development for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions, and another €4 million as acontribution to their publishing activities. has prolonged the agreement for the parliamentary session broadcasting by Radio Radicale for only one semester, allocating €5 million gross (€4 million net) for the year 2019. == Governance ==

Centro di Produzione SpA is the publisher of Radio Radicale, its archive and of its website. The company, headquartered in Rome, has the following shareholders: • Pannella List/Italian Radicals: 62.85% • Sequenza SpA: 25.00% • Cecilia Maria Angioletti: 6.00% • Centro di Produzione SpA: 6.15% == Technologies ==

With 250 transmitters, Radio Radicale covers 75% of the territory of Italy reaching up to 85% of the population in AM and FM. Furthermore, the broadcast via satellite Eutelsat Hot Bird 13 East has allowed Radio Radicale to expand its audience all over Europe and in wide areas of Africa and Asia, including the Middle East, with a potential audience of 98 million households. == Organization ==

Hours of audio and video recordings are made every year through a system of connections with public institutions and events. Signals are received through fixed or temporary lines by wire, radio, satellite or digital links and, when using analog telephone lines, recordings are immediately digitalised by an encoding system which produces ten channels at the same time around the clock. Once the signal reaches the main headquarters, the different signals are diffused through an active matrix system which allows the distribution of 128 signals. Centro di Produzione S.p.A. is the owner of the headquarters where Radio Radicale operates, and includes three studios. Two of them have their own independent Radio director, while the third is connected with two director and it is mainly dedicated to post-production. All four studios can broadcast. In addition to the main studios, the broadcaster has four production centres where transfers, minor editing and telephone interview recordings are made. Telephone lines used for conversations to be aired are digitalised and all recordings have been made in MP3 format since July 2006. Radio Radicale is organized through the following divisions: • Journalistic direction • Newsroom • Administrative direction • Administration • Archive and Internet • Technical sector • Network checking In addition to its own personnel, these divisions also make use of collaborators and consultants. == Archive ==

The constant work of document collection and preservation done by Radio Radicale during its activity has allowed the creation of an important and broad archive, defined in 1993 by the Archival Superintendency as being "of a remarkable historical interest". In the same year, the archive was quoted in the volume Fonti orali: censimento degli istituti di conservazione published by the Italian Ministry of Cultural and Environmental Heritage, (The Multimedial Archive of Radio Radicale: an Heritage for History, Information, Democracy), organized by RR along with the Doctorate of Research on European History and the Archivists and Librarists Special School of the Sapienza University of Rome, various critics and archivist agreed in recognizing not only the historical and social value of the archival production of Radio Radicale, but also its complementarity with the main collections of Italian documents, first of all those belonging to RAI. The former manager of Rai Teche, Barbara Scaramucci, stated that: Others testified to the uniqueness of the public service done by a private radio station like Radio Radicale. Paola Carucci, councillor of the President of Italian Republic for the Historical Archive, claims: The choice of Marco Pannella to preserve, catalogue and archive all the recordings without any manipulations on tapes allows the citizens to consult 430 000 documents (cassettes, tapes, mp3, mp4, RealAudio and RealVideo), which contains the most important events of the institutional, political, social and cultural history of Italy: there are full recordings which allow to everyone to know and relive an event in its entirety. ==Official website==

Online since 1998, the website of Radio Radicale has been one of the first in Italy to stream actuality videos on the web and nowadays political, social and institutional events of the past and of recent times are always available for all the citizens. (Which struggles and laws to be done immediately for technological revolution, for liberal revolution), attended by the major Italian entrepreneurs of ITs and telecommunications, lawyers and other specialists of that field. All the hardware units of the content archive and distribution system are allocated in Roma into two different server farms located in the headquarter of Centro di Produzione Spa. CC licences represent an important instrument for the realization of the main purpose of Radio Radicale concerning the publicity of democratic decisional moments, the promotion of the access to direct knowledge about political events for the largest number of citizens and the free circulation of ideas. Fai Notizia In 2006 the editorial board of RadioRadicale.it created FaiNotizia.it, the first Italian website of citizen journalism: based on Newsvine, it was intended as a social and journalistic experiment and an attempt to use the new free and collaborative attitude of the new media at the time, creating a new model of information. On Fai notizia, registered users could collaborate in searching and writing the news, loading texts, videos, photos, evidencing interesting news found on other websites or blogs. Users commented and voted the reports made by other members and could start collaborative investigations. All the content had been published under Creative Commons licences. In 2012 Fai notizia was completely renewed and transformed into a format of investigations distributed by Radio Radicale, which offers now little payments for who collaborates in creating reports about great issues of public interest. ==Funding==

Radio Radicale receives every year a public funding of €8.33 million according to the agreement with the State for the broadcast of parliamentary sessions, and €4.431 million from the publishing funding due to its nature of branch of the Pannella List. In August 2008 Radio Radicale was the only broadcaster to be excluded from the public funds resizing for the publishing due to its nature of private radio broadcaster active according to law no. 230 of 7 August 1990. The law recognizing "private radio broadcasters which do activities of general interest information" was approved in 1990 to recognize the radio broadcasters which had broadcast "own information programmes about political, religious, economical, social, unions related or literary events for not less than nine hours between 7 am and 20 pm" and "extended the number of plants to the 50 per cent of the provinces and the 85 per cent of the Regions". Among with the other entities receiving public funds, Radio Radicale is the only one having a national network == Schedule and programmes ==

The schedule revolves around parliamentary sessions accordingly to an agreement with former Ministry of Communications (now part of Ministry of Economic Development), covering over 60% of sessions of both Houses through the 8-20 time slot. • Bollettino del Garante privacy (News bulletin of the Data Protection Authority), biweekly news bulletin about the activity of the Italian Data Protection Authority. • Notiziario del Mattino (Morning news bulletin) • Stampa e Regime (Press and regime), the daily press review with a critical vision of the positions taken by national newspapers about events. • Rassegna stampa estera (Foreign press review) • Fuor di Pagina (Out of page), press review by Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti • Radio Carcere (Jail radio), information programme about the penal justice and detention. • Focus Europa • Neureka • ''L'attualità in Archivio'' (Actuality in the archive), the political topicality read using materials from the archive of Radio Radicale. • Albania italianofona (Italian-speaking Albania), a weekly programme from Tirana with interviews to Italian-speaking people in Albania. • ''Bollettino dell'Antitrust'' (Antitrust news bulletin), the news bulletin about the weekly measures of the Italian Competition Authority. • Derrick, a weekly brief programme about energy, environment and their markets. • Fai Notizia (Do News), with insights, reportage and investigations from Italy and the world. • Cittadini in divisa (Citizen in uniform) • Speciale Giustizia (Judiciary special), dedicated to the world of judiciary. Mondays are dedicated to the activity of the Supreme Judiciary Council and to the events of magistrates associations. Significant trials are also broadcast in their entirety during the programme. • Spazio Transnazionale (Transnational space) • Notiziario antiproibizionista, (Anti-prohibitionist news bulletin), a programme about drugs and addictions. • Adapt, in collaboration with Adapt.it and Full Professor Michele Tiraboschi. • Il mondo a pezzi (World in pieces) • Alta sostenibilità (High sustainability), an insight about the 17 goals for a sustainable development promoted by United Nations and the Italian Alliance for Sustainable Development. • Due microfoni (Two microphones), nocturnal interviews with writers, actors, musicians, singers, journalists and various cultural figures. • Capire per conoscere (Knowing for understanding), a programme about notions of economy. • Rassegna della stampa e della blogsfera cinese (Chinese press and blog-sphere review) • #Agricoltura? Parliamone, (#Agricolutre? Let's talk about it), a programme about the right of food, human development and social renovation from the rural world. • Rassegna di geopolitica (Geopolitical review) • Speciale Commissioni (Commissions special), a programme about the activity of Parliamentary Commissions. • Passaggio a Sud Est (Passage to Southeast), weekly programme about the political situation of Southeast Europe. • Il diritto alla conoscenza (The Right to know), about the campaign made by the Radical Party for the recognizing of the right to know. • Overshoot, a programme about environment, territory and the limits of development. • Osservatorio giustizia (Justice observatory) • Fatto in Italia (Made in Italy), a weekly programme where Oliviero Toscani and Nicolas Ballario talks about a theme related to the city planning. • Media e dintorni (Media and surroundings) a programme dedicated to events related to media. • Rassegna stampa vaticana (Vatican press review) • ''L'America Latina con Roberto Lovari'' (Latin America with Roberto Lovari), a look at events in the Latin America through press and television. • Translimen, by Associazione Radicale "Esperanto" • Troppi diritti (Too much rights) • Forum Mediterrano • Il Maratoneta (The Marathoner), a programme by Associazione Luca Coscioni about scientific researches • Fortezza Italia (Italian fortress), a programme of political information and criticism and about news of immigration in Italy. • Voci dalla Libia - Speciale Fortezza Italia (Voices from Libya - Fortezza Italia Special) • Rassegna stampa africana (African press review) • Rassegna stampa turca (Turkish press review) • Cinema & Cinema, review of the "film of the week" • ''L'ora di Cindia'' (The hour of Cindia), a programme about events in China and India. • Il Medio Oriente visto da Gerusalemme (Middle East seen by Jerusalem) • ''L'ultimo spettacolo - cinema e teatro ai tempi della crisi'' (The last show - Cinema and theater in the times of crisis), a programme where during each episode a reality of performance arts and shows is opposed to the economical crisis. • Le parole e le cose (The words and the things), a programme of talk and analysis with major writers, authors and intellectuals. • LavorareInfo (WorkInfo) • Africa Oggi (Africa Today) • Dei diritti e delle pene (On rights and punishments), a conversation with Elisabetta Zamparutti of the Committee for the Prevention of Torture of the European Council. • La nuda verità (The naked truth), a programme about love, affectivity and sexuality of people with disabilities • A che punto è la notte? (At what point Is the night?) • ''Non C'è Pace Senza Giustizia'' (No Peace Without Justice) • America Sociale (Social America) • ''Connessioni - editoriale sull'economia'' (Connections - Editorial about economy), ideas for a economy of knowledge. • Asiatica (Asian), a look into geopolitics, society, populations, rights, economy of the Asian continent. • Maestri (Masters), portraits of "remarkable masters". • RadicalNonviolentNews • Il rovescio del diritto (The reverse of law), by the “Comitato radicale per la giustizia Piero Calamandrei”. • Scegliere il futuro (Choosing the future), about knowledge instruments for choosing the future • Partito Radicale: trasmissione autogestita (Radical Party: Self-managed broadcast) • Voci africane (African voices), by the Movement of Africans • Critica e militanti (Criticism and militants) • Lo stato del diritto (The state of right) • Diario di iniziativa radicale (Diary of a radical initiative) • Agenda settimanale delle Istituzioni (Weekly agenda of institutions), a programme about principal events in the week regarding institutions, international field and economy. • ''Visto dall'America'' (Seen by America), a weekly programme about international politics according to the United States. • In dialogo (Dialoguing) • Quota 3001 • Ricerca e futuro (Research and future), a weekly programme of information by Lorenzo Fioramonti, deputy Minister of Education, Universities and Research of the Conte Cabinet. • ''L'Italia in crisi'' (Italy in crisis) • Fortezza Europa (Fortress Europe), an observatory on European and Italian politics on immigration. • Lettere eretiche (Eretical mails) • AgiChina • Le petizioni online su Change.org (Online Petitions on Change.org), a weekly interview with the promoter of an online petition of the Italian version of Change.org. • UNPO • Divorziobreve.it, a programme about initiatives for brief divorce • Musulmane laiche (Laical Muslim Women), by the League of Laical Muslim Women. • Italiani per sbaglio (Italians by mistake), a monthly programme by Valter Vecellio and Gianmarco Pondrano about liberal/radical figures. • Le ragioni personali (Personal reasons) • Rassegna stampa culturale (Cultural press review) • Set - Cinema fuoricampo (Set - Off-screen cinema) • Dietro le parole (Behind the words) • LAB 4.0, a laboratory and observatory about Industry 4.0 and sharing economy. • Diplomatic, a conversation with the editor of La Stampa Maurizio Molinari about main international dossiers. • Potere pubblico e giustizia amministrativa (Public power and administrative justice) • Radio Europa (Radio Europe), a programme broadcast in collaboration with the Italian representative of the European Commission. • Oikonomia • Presi per il web (Taken for the web) • Il Medio Oriente visto dal Cairo (Middle East seen from Cairo) • Public policy • Benelux e dintorni (Benelux and surroundings) • Notiziario della guerra e della droga (War and drug News Bulletin) Closed • Conversazione settimanale con Marco Pannella (Weekly conversation with Marco Pannella) • Filodiretto del lunedì (Direct line of Monday), weekly programme for a direct line with a politician without filters. • Filodiretto del lunedì notte (Direct line of Monday night), dedicated to listeners about initiatives and themes related to the Italian Radicals. • Blogroll, a review of blogs analysing and commenting events of the week. • Controluce (Backlight) • Catallassi, weekly insight about economy. • Rond Point Schumann, a programme made with the contribution of the European Commission • Sudamericana (South American), weekly press review of Latin America. • La nota di politica interna di Iuri Maria Prado. (Internal politics note by Iuri Maria Prado) • Generazione elle (L Generation), a programme of Radio Radicale made along with the webmagazine "Generazione Elle". • Media dossier, dedicated to the situation of media in Italy • La rassegna delle prime pagine dei quotidiani internazionali (Press review of first pages of foreign newspapers) • ''Il lessico dell'economia'' (The lexicon of economy) • ''Vincino l'impresentabile'' (Vincino the unpresentable), the week seen by satirical cartoonist Vincino. • Supplemento economico di Stampa e Regime (Economical supplement of press and regime), the daily financial press review. • Staminali e dintorni (Stem cells and surroundings) • Buddhismo in occidente (Buddhism in the West) • Speciale Global (Global special), a weekly programme about geopolitics. • Notiziario Aids (AIDS News Bulletin) Since 1980, Radio Radicale has broadcast pieces of requiems during the breaks between programmes as a symbol of mourning, and protest, in front of deaths for hunger which occurs every day. The most used are those from the Requiem in D minor, composed by W. A. Mozart, but other classical music pieces are broadcast, like the Dies Irae from Messa da Requiem by Giuseppe Verdi and rarely the Sanctus from the Requiem by Gabriel Fauré. == See also ==