Universal Carrier

The origins of the Universal Carrier family can be traced back generally to the Carden Loyd tankettes family, which was developed in the 1920s, and specifically the Mk VI tankette. In 1934, Vickers-Armstrongs produced, as a commercial venture, a light tracked vehicle that could be used either to carry a machine gun or to tow a light field gun. The VA.D50 had an armoured box at the front for driver and a gunner and bench seating at the back for the gun crew. The War Office considered it as a possible replacement for their Vickers "Light Dragon" artillery tractors and took 69 as the "Light Dragon Mark III". One was built as the "Carrier, Machine-Gun Experimental (Armoured)", carrying a machine gun and its crew. The decision was made to drop the machine gun and its team and the next design had a crew of three—driver and gunner in the front, third crew-member on the left in the rear and the right rear open for storage. Fourteen of this design were built in mild steel as "Carrier, Machine-Gun No 1 Mark 1" and entered service in 1936. Six were converted into pilot models for the Machine gun Carrier No.2, Cavalry Carrier and Scout Carrier designs – the remainder were used for training. was in the centre of the vehicle with the final drive at the rear. The carrier put the driver and commander at the front sitting side by side; the driver to the right. The Ford V8 sidevalve engine with four speed gearbox was placed in the centre of the vehicle with the final drive (a commercial Ford axle) at the rear. The suspension and running gear were based on that used on the Vickers light tank series using Horstmann springs. Directional control was through a vertical steering wheel which pivoted about a horizontal axis. Small turns moved the crosstube that carried the front road wheel bogies laterally, warping the track so the vehicle drifted to that side. Further movement of the wheel braked the appropriate track to give a tighter turn. The hull in front of the commander's position jutted forward to give room for the Bren light machine gun (or other armaments) to fire through a simple slit. To either side of the engine was an area in which passengers could sit or stores could be carried. Initially, there were several types of Carrier that varied slightly in design according to their purpose: "Medium Machine Gun Carrier" (the Vickers machine gun), "Bren Gun Carrier", "Scout Carrier" and "Cavalry Carrier". The production of a single model came to be preferred and the Universal design appeared in 1940; this was the most widely produced of the carriers. It differed from the previous models in that the rear section of the body had a rectangular shape, with more space for the crew. ==Production==

Production of carriers began in 1934 and ended in 1960. Before the Universal design was introduced, the vehicles were produced by Aveling and Porter, Bedford Vehicles, Ford of Britain, Morris Motors Limited, the Sentinel Waggon Works, and the Thornycroft company. With the introduction of the Universal, production in the UK was undertaken by Aveling-Barford, Ford, Sentinel, Thornycroft, and Wolseley Motors. By 1945 production amounted to approximately 57,000 of all models, including some 2,400 early ones. The Universal Carriers, in different variants, were also produced in allied countries. Ford Motor Company of Canada manufactured about 29,000 vehicles known as the Ford C01UC Universal Carrier. Smaller numbers of them were also produced in Australia (about 5,000), where hulls were made in several places in Victoria and by South Australian Railways workshops in Adelaide, South Australia. About 1,300 were also produced in New Zealand. Universal Carriers were manufactured in the United States for allied use with GAE and GAEA V-8 Ford engines. About 20,000 were produced. == Operational history ==

The Universal Carrier was ubiquitous in all the theatres during the Second World War with British and Commonwealth armies, from the war in the East to the occupation of Iceland. Although the theory and policy was that the carrier was a "fire power transport" and the crew would dismount to fight, practice differed. It could carry machine guns, anti-tank rifles, mortars, infantrymen, supplies, artillery and observation equipment. 21 by 1941, and up to 33 per battalion by 1943). A British armoured division of 1940–41 had 109 carriers; each motor battalion had 44. soldiers leaping from their Universal Carrier during an exercise near Newry, 1941 A British Carrier platoon originally had ten Universal Carriers with three carrier sections of three Universal Carriers each plus another Universal Carrier in the platoon HQ (along with a 15-cwt GS truck). Each Universal Carrier had a non-commissioned officer (NCO), a rifleman and a driver-mechanic. One Universal Carrier in each section was commanded by a sergeant, the other two by corporals. All the Universal Carriers were armed with a Bren gun and one carrier in each carrier section also had a Boys anti-tank rifle. By 1941, the carrier platoon had increased in strength to contain four carrier sections; one carrier in each carrier section also carried a 2-inch mortar. By 1943, each Universal Carrier had a crew of four, an NCO, driver-mechanic and two riflemen. The Boys anti-tank rifle was also replaced by the PIAT anti-tank weapon. The Universal Carrier's weapons could be fired from in- or outside the carrier. A carrier platoon had a higher number of light support weapons than a rifle company. To allow the Universal to function as an artillery tractor in emergencies, a towing attachment that could allow it to haul the Ordnance QF 6 pounder anti-tank gun was added from 1943. Normally the Loyd Carrier – which was also used as a general utility carrier – acted as the tractor for the 6-pdr. Germany Captured Universal Carriers were used in various roles by German forces. A total of around sixty Bren No.2 Carriers and Belgian Army Vickers Utility Tractors were converted into demolition vehicles. Carrying a large explosive charge, these would be driven up to enemy positions under remote control and detonated, destroying both themselves and the target. Twenty-nine of both kinds were deployed in 1942 during the Siege of Sevastopol. They achieved some success in destroying Soviet trenches and bunkers, but a significant number were destroyed by artillery. Others were disabled by land mines before reaching their target or were lost because of mechanical breakdowns. A difficulty for the Germans using these foreign-built vehicles was the lack of spare parts. ==Variants==

in Latrun The widespread production of the Carrier allowed for several variants to be developed, manufactured and/or used by different countries. Argentine An attempted conversion to self-propelled artillery consisting of a single T16 carrier fitted with a six-Model 1968 recoilless gun mount was developed in the late 1960s or early 1970s. British Early variants • ;Carrier, Machine-Gun No. 2 :Introduced in 1937 • ;Carrier, Bren No.2, Mark I and Mark II :Seating for three crew. Armour plate on front and right hand side only. • ; Carrier, Cavalry Mk 1 :Used for carrying personnel of Light tank regiments in Mobile Divisions. A total of 50 were built by Nuffield, discontinued with the reorganization of the Mobile Divisions into Armoured divisions. Seating was provided for six passengers on benches. An example of the Mantis is preserved in The Tank Museum. Australian • ; Carrier, Machine Gun, Local Pattern, No. 1 : Also known as "LP1 Carrier (Aust)". Australian production similar to Bren carrier but welded and some minor differences. • ; 3 inch Mortar Carrier (Aust) : A design based on the 2 Pounder Carrier with a 3-inch (81 mm) mortar mounted in place of the 2 pounder. Designed to enable the mortar to have 360 degree traverse and to be fired either from the vehicle, or dismounted. 400 were produced and were ultimately sent as military aid to the Nationalist Chinese Army. ;Wasp Mk II* : Canadian version of the Wasp flamethrower variant. ;Windsor Carrier : Canadian development with a longer chassis extended by and an additional wheel in the aft bogie. American American production of the Universal followed the same design as the British Marks I to III • Carrier, Universal No.2 Mark I - Ford GAEA engine • Carrier, Universal No.2A Mark I - Ford GAE engine • Carrier, Universal No.2 Mark II - Ford GAE engine • Carrier, Universal No.2A Mark II - Ford GAEA engine • Carrier, Universal No.2 Mark III - Ford GAE engine • Carrier, Universal No.2A Mark III - Ford GAEA engine ; T-16 :The Carrier, Universal, T16, Mark I., initially "Cargo Carrier T16" was the result of US experimentation in 1942 to improve on the Universal for British use and for US in the Pacific war. It was a significantly improved vehicle based upon those built by Ford of Canada, manufactured under Lend Lease by Ford in the United States from March 1943 to 1945. At it was longer than the Universal with an extra road wheel on the rear bogie; making for a pair of full Horstmann dual-wheel suspension units per side, the engine was a Mercury-division 239 version (GAU370) of the Ford V8 delivering the same power. Instead of the steering wheel controlling the combination brake/warp mechanism, the T-16 used track-brake steering operated by levers (two for each side). The British were supplied with over 3,200 in 1944-1945 but it was considered mechanically unreliable and had less carrying capacity than the Universal. During the war, it was chiefly used by Canadian forces as an artillery tractor. After the war, was used by Argentine, Swiss (300) and Dutch forces. German • 2 cm Flak 38 auf Fahrgestell Bren(e): Single barrel German 2 cm Flak 38 cannon mounted over the engine compartment of a captured Bren carrier. • 3.7 cm Pak auf Fahrgestell Bren(e): Captured carrier of 1940, reused by the Germans and fitted with a 3.7 cm Pak 36 anti-tank gun. • 4,7 cm Pak 35/36 L/35.6 (ö) “Böhler” auf Sfl. Bren(e): Captured Bren carrier mounting a 4,7 cm Pak 35/36 L/35.6 (ö) “Böhler” (a Cannone da 47/32 with a L/35.6 barrel, pepper box style muzzle brake and had a slightly greater performance). Created by Baukommando Becker. • Panzerjäger Bren 731(e): Bren carriers captured by the Germans and fitted with a transport rack for three Panzerschreck anti-tank rocket launchers; the weapons were not fired from the Bren gun carrier, only transported. Italian In 1942, at the request of the Italian Army (Regio Esercito), Fiat produced a prototype carrier copied from a captured Universal Carrier; it was known as the Fiat 2800 or CVP-4. It is uncertain whether production vehicles were manufactured. Bren carriers captured by the Italians in the field were often fitted with Breda M37 machine guns. == Operators ==

Many variants of the British Universal Carrier have been fielded and used by the armed forces of the following countries, amongst many others: British Indian Army, in Italy, 13 December 1943. soldiers travelling on a British Universal Carrier received from the UK under the Lend-Lease programme near Boulevard of Carol I in the Romanian capital of Bucharest in August 1944. Pre-war/Second World War period • • (used by in-exile Belgian forces in the Middle Eastern regions during the war, after the country was invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in 1940) • • : 1,500 UCs supplied by Australia during the war, with a sizeable number of these (about 400) being 3-inch mortar-carrier versions. • Mk.Is used by Czechoslovak battalion 11 in the Middle East, Mk.Is, Mk.IIs, Mk.IIIs, Mortars used by Czechoslovak Independent Armoured Brigade in UK and Western Europe, 15 UCs Mk.II received from the USSR - served in I Corps of the Czechoslovak Army-in-exile on the Eastern Front) • : used by Free French Forces • (by the German Wehrmacht, which operated a small number of carriers captured mainly from the UK) • : captured vehicles, many of them seized after the capture of Singapore. • (fielded by Free Greek troops following the country's fall to Nazi German occupation in the Middle East, like the exiled Belgian military forces) • Azad Hind: The Indian National Army received carriers captured by Japan after the fall of Singapore. Still in service in the 1960s. and one locally produced copy (the ) • Dutch government-in-exile: used by the Royal Netherlands Motorized Infantry Brigade. • : operated by the Second Regular Division during the Battle of Bataan. • : operated by the in-exile Polish Armed Forces in the West • : the Portuguese Army received more than 178 universal carriers from 1942. • (the main operator in WWII) • (57 UCs en route for Canadian troop units in Hong Kong were in the Philippines when the Japanese invaded both Hong Kong and the Philippines, with 40 UCs taken over and operated by the US 1st Provisional Tank Group) • (received 200 before the end of 1941 and 2,560 Universal Carriers and similar Loyd Carriers starting from then until the end of WWII in 1945) • (118 UCs operated in 1944, possibly supplied (covertly) by the UK) • Yugoslav Partisans • Post-war period Laut'' forces during the Battle of Surabaya in November 1945 • (250, including T-16s, supplied by the UK between 1946 and 1950) • (very likely obtained from a French trader, with some converted and modified locally with extra armour) • (former British stocks, which were retired from frontline service in the 1960s) • • (some were armed with a M40 recoilless rifle)) • (small numbers of ex-Japanese stocks were captured and used by the People's Security Army during the Battle of Surabaya) • • : a number operated following WWII (possibly ex-British UCs), especially in the independence war in their former colony of Indonesia (the Dutch East Indies) between 1945 and 1949, as part of the Indonesian National Revolution. A small number were lost and subsequently taken over by the new Indonesian Republic's military. • : In the early years of the Pakistan Army it was used as a mortar carrier and for the basic training of tank crews. • (at least two were unofficially used by Home Guard units during the 1950s) • (used and fielded predominantly US-built T16 versions of the Universal Carrier up until possibly the early 1960s) ==Gallery==

Image:WASP Flamethrower CDN WWII DB.jpg|A Wasp flamethrower tank on display in the Canadian War Museum Image:2 pdr Aust ATG carrier(AWM 134672).jpg|An Australian 2-pounder anti-tank gun UC variant Image:A Bren Gun Carrier brings in a batch of German prisoners.jpg|A British Army Universal Carrier leads some German prisoners-of-war into a Belgian town. Image:Australians driving Bren Carriers towards Bardia, Libya, January 1941 (24667819900).jpg|Australians driving Bren Carriers to Bardia, Libya, January 1941 ==See also==