Baháʼí Faith in
Wilmette, Illinois In the
teachings of the
Baháʼí Faith, a single God has sent all the historic founders of the world religions in a process of
progressive revelation. As a result, the major world religions are seen as divine in origin and are continuous in their purpose. In this view, there is unity among the founders of world religions, but each revelation brings a more advanced set of teachings in human history and none are syncretic. In addition, the
Baháʼí teachings acknowledge that in every country and every people God has always revealed the divine purpose via messengers and prophets, masters and sages since time immemorial. Within this universal view, the unity of humanity is one of the central teachings of the Baháʼí Faith. The
Baháʼí teachings state that since all humans have been created in the image of God, God does not make any distinction between people with regard to race, colour or religion. Thus, because all humans have been created equal, they all require equal opportunities and treatment.
Buddhism The term Universalism has been applied to different aspects of
Buddhist thought by different modern authors. The idea of universal salvation is key to the
Mahayana school of Buddhism. The idea of universal Buddha nature has been interpreted in various ways in Buddhism, from the idea that all living beings have Buddha nature and thus
can become Buddhas to the idea that because all beings have Buddha nature, all beings
will definitely become Buddhas. Some forms of
East Asian Mahayana Buddhism even extended the Buddha nature theory to plants and insentient phenomena. Some thinkers (such as
Kukai) even promote the idea that the entire universe is the Buddha's body. The
Lotus Sutra, an influential Mahayana scripture, is often seen as promoting the universality of Buddhahood, the Buddha's teaching as well as the equality of all living beings. Mahayana Buddhism also promotes a universal
compassion towards all sentient beings and sees all beings as equally deserving of compassion. The doctrine of the
One Vehicle (which states that all Buddhist paths lead to Buddhahood) is also often seen as a universalist doctrine. This comparison has also been commented on by Christian theologians like
Karl Barth. In
Western Buddhism, the term Universalism may also refer to an
nonsectarian and
eclectic form of Buddhism which emphasizes
ecumenism among the different Buddhism schools. American clergyman
Julius A. Goldwater was one Buddhist figure who promoted a modern kind of Buddhist Universalism. For Goldwater, Buddhism transcends local contexts and culture, and his practice grew increasingly eclectic over time. Goldwater established the nonsectarian Buddhist Brotherhood of America which focused on ecumenical and nonsectarian Buddhism while also drawing on
Protestant vocabulary and ideas. The desire to develop a more universalist and nonsectarian form of Buddhism was also shared by some modernist
Japanese Buddhist authors, including the influential
D.T. Suzuki. Christianity The fundamental idea of Christian universalism is universal reconciliation – that all humans will ultimately receive salvation and be reconciled to God. They will eventually enter God's kingdom in Heaven, through the grace and works of the Lord
Jesus Christ. Christian universalists hold that an everlasting
hell does not exist (though most believe there is a temporary hell of some kind), and that unending torment was not what Jesus taught. They point to historical evidence showing that many
early fathers of the church were universalists and attribute the origin of the idea of hell as eternal punishment to mistranslation. They also appeal to many texts of Scripture to argue that the concept of eternal hell is not biblically or historically supported either in Judaism or early Christianity. Universalists cite numerous biblical passages which reference the salvation of all beings (such as Jesus' words in John 12:31-32, and Paul's words in Romans 5:18-19). In addition, they argue that an eternal hell is both unjust and contrary to the nature and attributes of a loving God. The beliefs of Christian universalism are generally compatible with the essentials of Christianity, as they do not contradict any of the central affirmations summarized in the
Nicene Creed. More specifically, universalists often emphasize the following teachings: •
God is the loving Parent of all people (see
Love of God). •
Jesus Christ reveals the nature and character of God, and is the spiritual leader of humankind. • Humankind is created with an
immortal soul, which death can not end—or a
mortal soul that shall be resurrected and preserved by God. A soul which God will not wholly destroy. •
Sin has negative consequences for the sinner either in this life or the
afterlife. All of God's punishments for sin are corrective and remedial. None of such punishments will last forever, or result in the permanent destruction of a soul. Some Christian universalists believe in the idea of a Purgatorial Hell, or a temporary place of purification that some must undergo before their entrance into Heaven. In 1899 the Universalist General Convention, later called the
Universalist Church of America, adopted the Five Principles: the belief in God, Jesus Christ, the immortality of the human soul, the reality of sin and
universal reconciliation.
History Universalist writers such as
George T. Knight have claimed that Universalism was a widely held view among theologians in
Early Christianity. These included such important figures such as Alexandrian scholar
Origen as well as
Clement of Alexandria, a Christian theologian. Between 1648-1697 English activist
Gerrard Winstanley, writer
Richard Coppin, and dissenter
Jane Leade, each taught that God would grant all human beings salvation. The same teachings were later spread throughout 18th-century France and America by
George de Benneville. People who taught this doctrine in America would later become known as the
Universalist Church of America. The first Universalist Church in America was founded by
John Murray (minister). The 18th century in North America saw decades of debates between two Christian universalist camps, universal restorationism, which believed in the existence of punishment after death, and ultra-universalism, which did not. The Greek term
apocatastasis came to be related by some to the beliefs of Christian universalism, but central to the doctrine was the restitution, or restoration of all sinful beings to God, and to His state of blessedness. In early
Patristics, usage of the term is distinct.
Universalist theology Universalist theology is grounded in history, scripture, and assumptions about the nature of God.
That All Shall Be Saved (2019) by Orthodox Christian theologian
David Bentley Hart contains arguments from all three areas but with a focus on arguments from the nature of God. Christian ultra-universalist
Thomas Whittemore wrote the book
100 Scriptural Proofs that Jesus Christ Will Save All Mankind quoting both Old and New Testament verses which support the Universalist viewpoint. Some common Bible verses cited by Christian universalists are , , , , , , , and .
Questions of Biblical Translation Christian universalists point towards the mistranslations of the Greek word αιών (literally "age," but often assumed to mean "eternity") and its adjectival form αἰώνιος (usually assumed to mean "eternal" or "everlasting"), as giving rise to the idea of an endless hell and the idea that some people will never be saved. For example, Revelation 14:11 says "the smoke of their torment goes up εἰς αἰῶνας αἰώνων" which most literally means "until ages of ages" but is often paraphrased in translations as "forever and ever." This Greek word is the origin of the modern English word
eon, which refers to a period of time or an epoch/age. The 19th century theologian
Marvin Vincent wrote about the word
aion, and the supposed connotations of "eternal" or "temporal":
Aion, transliterated
aeon, is a period of longer or shorter duration, having a beginning and an end, and complete in itself. [...] Neither the noun nor the adjective, in themselves, carry the sense of
endless or
everlasting."A number of scholars have argued that, in some cases, the adjective may not indicate duration at all, but may instead have a qualitative meaning. For instance,
Dr. David Bentley Hart translates Matthew 25:46 as "And these will go to the chastening of that Age, but the just to the life of that Age." In this reading, Jesus is not necessarily indicating how long the life and punishment last, but instead what kind the life and punishment are—they are "of the age [to come]" rather than being earthly life or punishment.
Dr. Thomas Talbott writes:[The writers of the New Testament] therefore came to employ the term
aiōnios as an eschatological term, one that functioned as a handy reference to the realities of the age to come. In that way they managed to combine the more literal sense of "that which pertains to an age" with the more religious sense of "that which manifests the presence of God in a special way."Dr. Ken Vincent writes that "When it (aion) was translated into Latin Vulgate, 'aion' became 'aeternam' which means 'eternal'.Among the English translations that do not render αἰώνιος as "eternal" or "everlasting" are
Young's Literal Translation ("age-during"), the
Weymouth New Testament ("of the ages"), the
Concordant Literal Version ("eonian"),
Rotherham's Emphasized Bible ("age-abiding"),
Hart's New Testament ("of that Age"), and more.
Hinduism Author
David Frawley says that Hinduism has a "background universalism" and its teachings contain a "universal relevance."
Hinduism is also naturally
religiously pluralistic. A well-known
Rig Vedic hymn says: "Ekam Sat Vipra Bahudha Vadanti" meaning, "Truth is One, though the sages know it variously." Similarly, in the
Bhagavad Gītā (4:11), God, manifesting as an incarnation, states: "As people approach me, so I receive them. All paths lead to me." The Hindu religion has no theological difficulties in accepting degrees of truth in other religions. Hinduism emphasizes that everyone actually worships the same God, whether one knows it or not. While Hinduism has an openness and tolerance towards other religions, it also has a wide range of diversity within it. There are considered to be six orthodox Hindu schools of philosophy/theology, as well as multiple unorthodox or "
heterodox" traditions called
darshanas.
Hindu universalism Hindu universalism, also called
Neo-Vedanta and
neo-Hinduism, is a modern interpretation of Hinduism which developed in response to western colonialism and
orientalism. It denotes the ideology that all religions are true and therefore worthy of toleration and respect. It is a modern interpretation that aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism" with
Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine. For example, it presents that: Hinduism embraces universalism by conceiving the whole world as a single family that deifies the one truth, and therefore it accepts all forms of beliefs and dismisses labels of distinct religions which would imply a division of identity. This modernised re-interpretation has become a broad current in Indian culture, extending far beyond the
Dashanami Sampradaya, the Advaita Vedanta Sampradaya founded by
Adi Shankara. An early exponent of Hindu Universalism was
Ram Mohan Roy, who established the
Brahmo Samaj. Hindu Universalism was popularised in the 20th century in both India and the west by
Vivekananda and
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan. Veneration for all other religions was articulated by
Gandhi: Western orientalists played an important role in this popularisation, regarding
Vedanta to be the "central theology of Hinduism". Oriental scholarship portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion", and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta.
Islam Islam recognizes to a certain extent the validity of the
Abrahamic religions, the
Quran identifying Jews, Christians, and "
Sabi'un" (usually taken as a reference to the
Mandaeans) as "people of the Book" (
ahl al-kitab). Later Islamic theologians expanded this definition to include
Zoroastrians, and later even Hindus, as the early Islamic empire brought many people professing these religions under its dominion, but the Qur'an explicitly identifies only Jews, Christians, and
Sabians as People of the Book., , The relation between Islam and universalism has assumed crucial importance in the context of
political Islam or
Islamism, particularly in reference to
Sayyid Qutb, a leading member of the
Muslim Brotherhood movement, and one of the key contemporary philosophers of Islam. There are several views within Islam with respect to Universalism. According to the most inclusive teachings all peoples of the book have a chance of salvation. For example, Surah 2:62 states: However, the most exclusive teachings disagree. For example, Surah 9:5 states: The interpretation of all of these passages are hotly contested amongst various schools of thought and branches of Islam as is the doctrine of abrogation (
naskh) which is used to determine which verses take precedence, based on reconstructed chronology, with later verses superseding earlier ones. The ahadith also play a major role in this, and different schools of thought assign different weightings and rulings of authenticity to different hadith, with the four schools of Sunni thought accepting the Six Authentic Collections, generally along with the
Muwatta Imam Malik. Depending on the level of acceptance of rejection of certain traditions, the interpretation of the Koran can be changed immensely, from the Qur'anists who reject the ahadith, to the
ahl al-hadith, who hold the entirety of the traditional collections in great reverence. Some Islamic scholars view the world as bipartite, consisting of the House of Islam, that is, where people live under the
Sharia; using whatever resources available, including, in some traditionalist and conservative interpretations, the use of violence, as holy struggle in the path of God, to either convert its inhabitants to Islam, or to rule them under the Shariah (cf.
dhimmi).
Judaism at old
Glockengasse Synagogue (reconstruction),
Cologne Judaism teaches that God
chose the Jewish people, among all the peoples of the world that he created, to be in a unique covenant with God, and one of their beliefs is that Jewish people were charged by the
Torah with a specific mission—to be a
light unto the nations, and to exemplify the covenant with God as described in the Torah to other nations. This view does not preclude a belief that God also has a relationship with other peoples—rather, Judaism holds that God had entered into a covenant with all humanity as
Noachides, and that Jews and non-Jews alike have a relationship with God, as well as being universal in the sense that it is open to all mankind. Modern Jews such as
Emmanuel Levinas advocate a universalist mindset that is performed through particularist behavior. An on-line organization, the Jewish Spiritual Leaders Institute founded and led by
Steven Blane, who calls himself an "American Jewish Universalist Rabbi", believes in a more inclusive version of Jewish Universalism, stating that "God equally chose all nations to be lights unto the world, and we have much to learn and share with each other. We can only accomplish
Tikkun Olam by our unconditional acceptance of each other's peaceful doctrines."
Manichaeism Manichaeism, like Christian
Gnosticism and
Zurvanism, was arguably in some ways inherently universalist. Yet in other respects, it was quite contrary to universalistic principles, holding instead to an eternal dualism.
Sikhism In
Sikhism, all the religions of the world are compared to rivers flowing into a single ocean. Although the
Sikh gurus did not agree with the practices of
fasting,
idolatry and pilgrimage during their times, they stressed that all religions should be tolerated. The Sikh scripture, the
Guru Granth Sahib, contains the writings of not just the Sikh guru themselves, but the writings of several Hindu and Muslim saints, known as the
Bhagats. The very first word of the Sikh scripture is "Ik", followed by "Omkar". This literally means that there is only one god, and that one is wholesome, inclusive of the whole universe. It further goes on to state that all of creation, and all energy is part of this primordial being. As such, it is described in scripture over and over again, that all that occurs is part of the divine will, and as such, has to be accepted. It occurs for a reason, even if it is beyond the grasp of one person to understand. Although Sikhism does not teach that men are created as an
image of God, it states that the essence of the One is to be found throughout all of its creation. As was said by Yogi Bhajan, the man who is credited with having brought Sikhism to the West: The First Sikh Guru,
Guru Nanak said himself: By this, Guru Nanak meant that there is no real "religion" in God's eyes. Unlike many of the major world religions, Sikhism does not have
missionaries, instead it believes men have the freedom to find their own path to
salvation.
Unitarian Universalism , United States Unitarian Universalism (UU) is a theologically liberal religion characterized by a "free and responsible search for truth and meaning". Unitarian Universalists do not share a
creed; rather, they are unified by their shared search for
spiritual growth and by the understanding that an individual's theology is a result of that search and not a result of obedience to an authoritarian requirement. Unitarian Universalists draw from all major world religions and many different theological sources and have a wide range of beliefs and practices. While having its origins in Christianity, UU is no longer a Christian church. As of 2006, fewer than about 20% of Unitarian Universalists identified themselves as Christian. Contemporary Unitarian Universalism espouses a pluralist approach to religious belief, whereby members may describe themselves as
humanist, agnostic,
deist,
atheist, pagan, Christian,
monotheist,
pantheist,
polytheist, or assume no label at all. The
Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA) was formed in 1961, a consolidation of the
American Unitarian Association, established in 1825, and the Universalist Church of America, established in 1866. It is headquartered in
Boston, and mainly serves churches in the United States. The
Canadian Unitarian Council became an independent body in 2002.
Zoroastrianism (or Ferohar), one of the primary symbols of Zoroastrianism, believed to be the depiction of a
Fravashi (guardian spirit) Some varieties of Zoroastrian (such as
Zurvanism) are universalistic in application to all races, but not necessarily universalist in the sense of universal salvation. ==See also== •
Ananda Marga • Christianity: •
Liberal Catholic Church •
Primitive Baptist Universalist •
Religious Society of Friends •
Schwarzenau Brethren •
Swedenborgianism (
The New Church) •
Trinitarian Universalism •
Church Universal and Triumphant •
Comparative religion •
Ecumenism •
Hypothetical universalism •
George MacDonald •
Mahatma Gandhi Foundation •
Omnism •
Perennial philosophy •
Post-theism •
Religious liberalism •
Religious pluralism •
Spannian universalism •
Subud •
Universal Sufism ==References==