Ancient period According to legend, the town was founded by
Diomedes, the Greek hero. The earliest archaeological relics date to 1300 BC. Histonium was one of the key towns of the
Frentani, located on the
Adriatic coast, about south of the promontory called
Punta Penna. Ancient geographers cited the town as located in the territory of the Frentani and apparently under
Julius Caesar did not obtain the rank of a
colonia, but continued to bear the title of a
municipium, as we learn from some inscriptions. Under the
Roman Empire, the municipium of Histonium was a flourishing and opulent town, further attested by the existing ruins of an ancient Roman theatre, baths, and other public edifices, besides numerous mosaics, statues, and columns of granite or marble. Among the numerous inscriptions which have been found, one of the most curious records the fact of a young boy named Lucius Valerius Pudens having at thirteen years of age won the prize for Latin poetry in the contest held at
Rome in the temple of
Jupiter Capitolinus. The name of Histonium is still found in the Itineraries of the fourth century and it probably never ceased to exist on its present site, though ravaged successively by the
Goths, the
Lombards, the
Franks, and the
Arabs. Histonium had no natural port, and it is not improbable that in the days of its prosperity it depended on the port at the Punta Penna, where the current harbour that is the and the
lighthouse are located, where there is good anchorage, and where Roman remains have also been found, which have been regarded, but probably erroneously, as those of the settlement of
Buca.
Middle Ages After the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire, the region was occupied by Germanic tribes until
Justinian's
Byzantine re-conquest, which included the province of
Samnium, of which Histonium was a key town. However soon after Justinian's death, Histonium fell to the
Lombards and incorporated into the
Duchy of Benevento. Later, circa 774 AD, the town was conquered by the
Franks. Subsequently, in 1053, the
Normans under
Robert Guiscard in turn captured it along with the Duchy of Benevento. Around 1076, Histonium was renamed Guastaymonis, or the Waste of Aimone (), following raids, hence its current name. From the 13th century it was part of the
Kingdom of Naples, which later merged into the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. In the 15th century the city's urban structure was transformed by the
condottiero Giacomo Caldora, who had become its lord. The Caldora family built new city walls still seen today, including the Torre Bassano tower in Piazza Rossetti, the Torre Diomede in Vico Storto del Passero, the Torre Diamante in Piazza Verdi and Porta Catena, and with Castello Caldoresco as its primary defensive outpost. In 1566, Turkish Ottoman naval forces, led by
Piyale Pasha, destroyed much of the city by fire, including the Castello Caldoresco, the Church of Santa Margherita and the Palazzo d'Avalos (formerly a home of
Vittoria Colonna – close confidante of
Michelangelo – now the
Musei di Palazzo d'Avalos).
From Spanish rule until Italy's Unification Under the
Spanish rule of
southern Italy, Vasto became fief of the
Marquis d'Avalos, and under the reign of Cesare Michelangelo (marquis from 1697 to 1729), Vasto reached its zenith. Only superficially shaken by revolutionary events in 1799 (a short-lived Republic of Vasto was immediately overthrown by the sanfedista, or loyalists), the city's history was reflected in the nation's throughout the Restoration to the
Unification of Italy when a
liberal elite governed. The poet and scholar
Gabriele Rossetti was born in Vasto on 28 February 1783. Rossetti's published works include literary criticism, Romantic poetry such as his long poem
Il Veggente in Solitudine of 1846, and his autobiography. Gabriele went into political exile in 1821, settling in
London, England. He was the father of well-known
pre-Raphaelite painter
Dante Gabriel Rossetti and poet
Christina Rossetti. Gabriele died on 24 April 1854 and is buried in London's
Highgate Cemetery with his wife
Frances Polidori.
Modern In the early 20th century, Vasto changed its architectural and urban features. The historical centre was redrawn and the foundations were set for drastic alterations during the 1920s and 1930s, with Mussolini decreeing a name change to Istonio in 1938, the official name until the liberation of the city from the
Allied Forces in 1944. Despite a devastating landslide (1956) that dragged a significant part of the eastern ridge – now Via Adriatica – into the gorge below, the years following
World War II witnessed industrial, urban, and socio-cultural development. The city also discovered its tourist vocation: besides the progressive development of its beaches in Marina di Vasto, Roman-era thermal baths, mosaics, cisterns and remains of an
amphitheatre were found and restored. During the 1970s until the recent days, the town underwent a remarkable change and a fast growth, with several housing, road and other infrastructure projects built to accommodate the emigrating population from the inner areas of Southern Abruzzo, which have made it one of the most populous of the region. == Main sights ==