1970s The world's oldest business renting out copies of movies for private use was a film reel rental shop opened by Eckhard Baum in
Kassel, Germany, in the summer of 1975. Baum collected movies on
Super 8 film as a hobby and lent pieces of his collection to friends and acquaintances. Because they showed great interest in his films, he came up with the idea of renting out films as a sideline. Over the years,
videotapes and
optical discs were added to the range. As of April 2023, Baum still operates the business; the business was portrayed in the June 2006
documentary film Eckis Welt by Olaf Saumer. The first professionally managed video rental store in the U.S., Video Station, was opened by
George Atkinson in December 1977 at 12011
Wilshire Boulevard in
Los Angeles. After
20th Century Fox had signed an agreement with
Magnetic Video founder
Andre Blay to license him 50 of their titles for sale directly to consumers, amongst them
Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid,
M*A*S*H,
Hello, Dolly!,
Patton,
The French Connection,
The King and I and
The Sound of Music, Atkinson bought all the titles in both VHS and Beta formats, and offered them for rent. Such stores led to the creation of video rental chains such as
West Coast Video,
Blockbuster Video, and
Rogers Video in the 1980s. Sony released its first commercially available video recorders in the United States on June 7, 1975; the following year, on October 25, 1976,
Universal and
Disney filed a lawsuit against Sony in the case known as
Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. The two studios tried to ban the sales of VCRs, and later the rental of movies, which would have destroyed the video rental business in the US.
Justice Harry Blackmun sided with the studios, while Justice
John Paul Stevens ruled in Sony's favor. Eventually, on January 17, 1984, the Supreme Court overruled the U.S.
9th Circuit Court of Appeals after Justice
Sandra Day O'Connor changed her mind, leading to a 5-to-4 ruling.
1980s Video games started being rented in video shops
from 1982. Some of the earliest
game cartridges available for rental included
Donkey Kong,
Frogger and
E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial. However, not many stores made them available for rental at the time. In
Japan, in response to rental stores making
pirated copies of games, video game companies, as well as the
Recording Industry Association of Japan and trade associations, lobbied for an amendment to the
Japanese Copyright Act that banned the rental of video games in Japan in 1984. Some video game companies intentionally made their games more difficult to prevent them from being beaten during the rental period, in the hopes players would purchase games instead of renting. By mid-1985, the United States had 15,000 video rental stores; further, many
record,
grocery, and
drug stores also rented videotapes. By May 1988, the number of specialty video stores was estimated to be 25,000, in addition to 45,000 other outlets that also offered video rentals. Grocery stores in the United States rented tapes for as little as $0.49 as
loss leaders. The press discussed the VCR "and the viewing habits it has engendered — the Saturday night trip down to the tape rental store to pick out for a couple of bucks the movie you want to see when you want to see it". Video rental stores had customers of all ages and were part of a fast-growing business. By 1987, for example,
Pennsylvania had 537 stores that primarily rented videotapes, with annual spending per resident of $10.50. By 1989, six years after its founding, Philadelphia's West Coast Video operated over 700 stores in the United States,
Canada, and the
United Kingdom. In 1987, home video market revenues for the year surpassed box office revenues. In the 1980s, it was common for shops to rent equipment—typically VHS recorders—as well as tapes. Some video shops also had adults-only sections containing
X-rated videos. Some video stores exclusively sold X-rated suggestive films, often along with related
sex shop items. To cope with the
videotape format war of the 1970s and 1980s, some stores initially stocked both
VHS and
Betamax cassettes, while others specialized in one format or the other. During the 1980s, most stores eventually phased out their Betamax section and became all-VHS, contributing to the eventual demise of Beta as a home video format (nevertheless, the Beta form factor remained in use as a professional video format in broadcasting as
Betacam).
1990s–2021 disc, movie rental by mail services became feasible, introducing a new source of competition for brick and mortar stores. In the late 1990s, DVDs began appearing in video rental stores. The format was smaller than tapes, allowing stores to stock more movies. As well, the thin, lightweight discs could be mailed, which made mail DVD services feasible. In the late 1990s,
Netflix offered a per-rental model for each DVD but introduced a monthly subscription for DVDs concept in September 1999. The per-rental model was dropped by early 2000, allowing the company to focus on the business model of flat-fee unlimited rentals without due dates, late fees (a source of annoyance for bricks and mortar video store customers), shipping and handling fees, or per-title rental fees. Rogers Video was the first chain to provide
DVD rentals in Canada. Other chains and independent stores later transitioned to the newer format. Similarly, many video stores rented
Blu-ray Disc movies after the
high definition optical disc format war ended in the late 2000s. Some firms rented DVDs from automatic kiosk machines such as
Redbox. Customers selected a movie from a list using buttons, paid by credit card, and the movie popped out of a slot. While traditional brick and mortar video rental stores were closing at a high rate, Redbox moved into existing retail locations such as supermarkets, and placed kiosks within them or outside of them to gain access to that consumer base. As well, with Redbox, consumers could rent the movie at one kiosk (for example, one near their work) and return it to any Redbox kiosk (for example, one near their home), thus increasing convenience. Redbox surpassed
Blockbuster in 2007 in the number of US locations, passed 100 million rentals in February 2008, and passed 1 billion rentals in September 2010. automated retail kiosk for DVD and video game disc rental outaisde a
Walgreens in
Macomb, Illinois, 2009 Automatic DVD kiosks still required consumers to leave home twice, to rent the movie and return it. Widespread availability of
video on demand (VOD) on cable TV systems and VHS-by-mail and DVD-by-mail services offered consumers a way of watching movies without having to leave home. Consumers preferred the convenience of choosing movies at home. With the advent of the
World Wide Web, Internet services which streamed content as
Netflix became increasingly popular starting in the mid–2000s. All the new ways of watching movies greatly reduced demand for video rental shops, and many closed as a result. In 2000, there were 27,882 stores renting videos open in the US, by late 2015, the number was down to 4,445. Over 86% of the 15,300 U.S. stores (specializing in video rentals) open in 2007 were reported to have closed by 2017, bringing the total to approximately 2,140 remaining stores. The total income from
brick and mortar rentals for 2017 was about $390 million. In 2018, the
Blockbuster store in
Bend, Oregon became the
last Blockbuster store in the United States; in 2019, it became the world's last remaining retail store using the Blockbuster brand. A
Netflix documentary about the store titled
The Last Blockbuster was released in 2020. In mid-June 2020,
Malaysian video rental chain Speedy Video closed its 14 remaining shops in response to competition from
satellite television and streaming platforms. In Asia, video rental stores faced the additional challenge of dealing with rampant
video piracy. On January 5, 2021,
Glenview, Illinois-based
Family Video announced it was closing all its remaining video rental stores. The company was the last remaining video rental chain in the United States; its closing marked the end of large video rental chains.
2020s– , located in
Bend, Oregon In the 2020s, some video stores facing the loss of their
business model have adapted by becoming non-profit organizations that focus on preserving an archive of film heritage and educating people about cinema. Operating as a non-profit enables a video store to use volunteer personnel and apply for foundation grants, which can make it feasible to operate with less rental revenue. On April 23, 2024,
Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment, Redbox's parent, announced a $636.6 million loss in 2023, and warned that without any options to generate additional financing, the company may be forced to liquidate or pause operations, and seek a potential
Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection filing. However, Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment did also report that Redbox's sales increased last year, seeing a 66% increase in annual revenue to $112.7 million. On June 29, 2024, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection after missing a week of paying its employees and failing to secure financing. On July 10, 2024, a bankruptcy judge ordered to convert Chicken Soup for the Soul Entertainment's Chapter 11 bankruptcy into a
Chapter 7 bankruptcy liquidation after accusing the company's previous CEO of misusing the business and failing to pay employees or support healthcare. Over 1,000 employees were laid off and over 26,000 Redbox kiosks will shut down permanently, marking the end of major physical video rental services in the United States. In 2025, Night Owl Video, the first dedicated video store in New York since the closure of
Kim's Video in 2014, opened in
Williamsburg, Brooklyn. Co-owner Aaron Hamel cited the want for a sense of community and the growing popularity physical media and the tangibility of browsing in-person as opposed to online. The store has also reported that
VHS tapes are growing in popularity amongst
horror film fans. ==Legacy and sociocultural impact==