Cologne Stadtbahn

station Horsecar and tram (1877–1960s) The Cologne Stadtbahn traces its history to the first horsecar lines that started operating in 1877. Within a few years, several companies had built an extensive network. Because none of these companies showed interest in electrifying their lines, the city of Cologne bought them on 1 January 1900, and by 1907 all horsecar lines had been electrified or replaced by other services. The dense tram network in the city center that had been present before World War II was only partially rebuilt afterwards, and the Hauptbahnhof (Central Station) was not linked to important places like Neumarkt and Heumarkt for the time being. This was partly due to the plans to make Cologne a car friendly city which meant that old tramways (like the north–south one) were replaced by bus service; and also due to the planned widening of vehicles which wouldn't have fit through some of the narrow streets previously served by trams. Another question was the connection between the two banks of the Rhine which had been provided by the Hohenzollern-, Mülheim- and Deutzer Brücke, that were all destroyed during the war. A decision was taken to dedicate the Hohenzollern Bridge solely to interregional services, while the new Severins Bridge was only finished in 1959, allowing a restructuring of tram lines. Upgrade to a Stadtbahn (1960s–present) Already in 1956, the transportation plan of the city council intended a newly built tunnel through the city center in the north–south direction. An overground routing along the Nord-Süd-Fahrt (North-South-Road) would not have served many central areas and was rejected. The tunnel was not planned as a U-Bahn as in many other cities, but rather as an underground tram. This meant a design similar to overground trams with small turning radii, short distances between stops and low-floor platforms. At the end of the tunnels the trains were supposed to run as trams on the streets again, but in many places the trams were already separated from car traffic anyways. For this type of system – tunnels in highly congested areas, elsewhere mostly on or next to streets – the term Stadtbahn was later created. Similar concepts to separate rail and car traffic were later used in many cities in North Rhine-Westphalia and adjacent foreign cities (Brussels, Antwerp). the Rheinuferbahn used rail tracks of the trams from its start in 1906, beginning the mix of trams and interregional rail. The Köln-Frechen-Benzelrather Eisenbahn, which opened in 1893, was modified from metre-gauge to standard-gauge in 1914, and has been operated by the KVB since 1955 using EBO certified vehicles. The integration of the Rheinuferbahn and Vorgebirgsbahn was already planned in the mid-1960s, but had to be put off due to a lack of vehicles that could run on interregional rail and partially tunneled Stadtbahn. As seen in other cities, the changing ideas on efficient traffic systems lead to differing needs for the system. An example of this is the length of the platforms. While the first platforms were designed for two coupled wagons, later the state NRW required space for three or sometimes four Stadtbahnwagen B, which lead to platforms of up to in length. The usually much shorter overground platforms currently only allow two wagons of collective length. Another changing factor was the routing itself: the curve radii were enlarged and at-grade crossings avoided. The outer parts of the tunnel network are designed for up to , but the distance between stations is more similar to the previous tram network, which is why the top speed is rarely reached. There is no plan for the final state of the network as in the U-Bahn of Berlin, Munich or Nuremberg. The lines and tunnels were built in the order which made most sense to relieve traffic at the time. Because of this and the financial insecurity if the state or federal government would finance more projects, many ramps going from the tunnels to the overground were built only provisorily to enable a later continuation of the tunnels, but no underground stations were designed to become multi-level stations serving different directions. Initially the mixed use of trams and Stadtbahnen only allowed for low-floor platforms with a height of , which meant that the high-floor Stadtbahnen had to be (and still are) equipped with stairs. In 1985 the first part of the network was built that was only accessible for high-floor trains with a platform height of . Since the summer of 2006, no more trams are in use in Cologne. == Current routes ==

on Hohenzollernring Because the light rail network evolved from the tram network instead of replacing it, there were numerous stations served by both light rail and tram vehicles for almost three decades. While high platforms for step less entry into light rail vehicles could be built on the outer branches, stations in the city center had to have low platforms to support trams as well. The introduction of low-floor technology in the early 1990s promised wheelchair-accessible entry throughout the network without having to build several hundred high platforms. To allow the introduction of low-floor trains without having to demolish existing high platforms, the network was divided into two sub-networks of different floor heights. Since the timetable change on 13 December 2015, a section of the north–south rail has been operated by line 17. From Severinstraße it runs through the newly built tunnel to Bonner Wall, after which it joins line 16 at Schönhauser Str. and runs alongside it to Rodenkirchen Bf. In the morning and evening peak (07:00 to 08:00 and 16:30 to 18:00), the line runs further to Sürth. Lines 16 and 18 are the longest lines in the network, connecting Cologne to Bonn via railway lines. • : Mengenich – Bocklemünd – Venloer Straße/Gürtel – Hans-Böckler-Platz – Friesenplatz – Neumarkt – Severinstraße – Bf Deutz/LANxess Arena – Buchheim – Holweide – Dellbrück – Thielenbruch • : Bocklemünd – Venloer Straße/Gürtel – Hans-Böckler-Platz – Friesenplatz – Neumarkt – Severinstraße – Bf Deutz/LANxess Arena – Mülheim – Höhenhaus –Dünnwald – Schlebusch • : Sparkasse Am Butzweilerhof – IKEA Am Butzweilerhof – Alter Flughafen Butzweilerhof – Rektor-Klein-Straße – Margaretastraße – Iltisstraße – Lenauplatz – Nußbaumerstraße – Subbelrather Str./Gürtel – Liebigstraße – Gutenbergstraße – Hans-Böckler-Platz – Friesenplatz – Appellhofplatz – Dom/Hbf (Central Station) – Rathaus – Heumarkt • : Sülzgürtel – Zülpicher Straße/Gürtel – Dürener Straße/Gürtel – Aachener Straße/Gürtel – Venloer Straße/Gürtel – Subbelrather Straße/Gürtel – Nußbaumer Straße – Escher Straße – Neusser Straße/Gürtel – Amsterdamer Straße/Gürtel – Slabystraße – Mülheim – Buchheim – Holweide • : Bonn-Bad Godesberg – Bonn Hbf (Main Station) – Wesseling – Sürth – Rodenkirchen – Ubierring  – Barbarossaplatz – Neumarkt – Dom/Hbf (Central Station) – Ebertplatz – Reichensperger Platz – Niehl • : Severinstraße – Chlodwigplatz – Rodenkirchen (– Sürth)Monday to Friday, 7:00 to 8:00 and 16:30 to 18:00 to Sürth • : Bonn Hbf (Main Station) – Brühl – Klettenberg – Sülzgürtel – Barbarossaplatz – Neumarkt – Dom/Hbf (Central Station) – Ebertplatz – Reichensperger Platz – Slabystraße – Mülheim – Buchheim – Holweide – Dellbrück – Thielenbruch == Former lines ==

A list of old routes of lines and lines that stopped service. If a line's route only changed because it was expanded on one end, that change is not listed here. The highest line number ever used on the system was 27 in the 1930s. == Past expansion ==

Due to the lack of an overarching plan on the expansion of the network, there's no single point when the tram became the Stadtbahn, and the expansion projects since the building of the Innenstadttunnel will be listed chronologically. Innenstadt tunnel The Innenstadt tunnel () was opened in several parts from 1968 to 1970. The first part served from Dom/Hbf to Appellhofplatz, reaching the surface through a temporary ramp at Friesenplatz, and in the following year, the section Appellhofplatz – Barbarossaplatz was added. At the station Appellhofplatz, a triangular junction was built, with the tunnel from Friesenplatz to Dom/Hbf passing under the rest of the railways. In October 1970, the sections Poststraße – Severinsbridge and Dom/Hbf – Breslauer Platz followed, with a temporary ramp built at Breslauer Platz. The ramp at Barbarossaplatz was also intended to only be temporary, but is still in use to this day (2023). Chorweiler extension In the 1970s, tracks were extended to the commuter town Chorweiler. This extension was the first in Cologne to be built metro-like from the start. In 1971, the first section was constructed on an exclusive right-of-way. It starts from existing tram lines to the north, crosses under the Militärringsstraße and over the A1 to the underground Heimersdorf station. The line ended in a temporary loop about farther to the south. and in the station Kalk Post a bunker was built. At the same time as the tunnels were built, the Deutz Bridge was widened by building another bridge with the same profile to its south, and then moved next to the existing one. With this new construction, the Stadtbahn got a dedicated track through the middle of the bridge. Vorgebirgsbahn Like the Rheinuferbahn 8 years before, the Vorgebirgsbahn was completely converted to Stadtbahn operations in 1986. Already since the electrification in the 1930s, the trams and Vorgebirgsbahn shared tracks between Barbarossaplatz and Klettenberg. With the conversion to Stadtbahn, the tram lines 10 and 11 were replaced by the Stadtbahn, which meant that the turning loop was replaced by a turning rail. In 1990 to 1992 the platforms were converted to high-floor platforms (except for Barbarossaplatz). The station Christophstraße/Mediapark was the location of the worst accident in the recent history of the Stadtbahn in 1999, when a CitySprinter prototype hit a standing train at . Ehrenfeld The tunnel through Ehrenfeld was opened in two parts: the line from Hans-Böckler-Platz to Venloer Straße/Gürtel, where a connection to S-Bahnhof Ehrenfeld was created, in 1989, and the tunnel to Wolffsohnstraße and surface tracks to Bocklemünd in 1992, where an on-platform transfer to buses can be made. The Ehrenfeld tunnel has multiple differentiating factors from previously built tunnels: It is the first tunnel built with high-floor platforms, and the stations have their platforms in the middle between the tracks instead of on the side. Because of the experiences with the tunnel below Neusser Straße the station spacing was reduced to get a better service for the residents. Weiden On 16 July 2002 a part of west end of line 1 discontinued in 1956 was reopened. This produced an uncommon problem: Because the routing passed the past headquarters of RTL, shaking, which could've disrupted the broadcasts, had to be avoided using a complex damping system. At the terminus station a Park and ride facility was built with space for 430 cars, but because other close park and rides are in a different pay zone making the ride to Cologne more expensive, it has seen high usage, and has been extended by 255 more spaces to a total of 685, with more expansions for a total of 1280 spaces planned. A bicycle tower with a capacity for 130 bicycles is also planned, and after it was supposed to be finished by 2022, planning is now expected to end around the start of 2023. Butzweilerhof extension The Kölner Verkehrsbetriebe (KVB) opened a long extension from the former Ossendorf terminus into the Butzweilerhof/Gewerbegebiet Ossendorf area in December 2010. Three new stations (Alter Flughafen Butzweilerhof, IKEA am Butzweilerhof and the new terminus, Sparkasse Am Butzweilerhof) were added to the existing Line 5. Construction of the extension cost about , with €5 million being financed through a charge on the companies which will benefit from the extension. The remaining €13 million was financed by the KVB Köln (Cologne Transit Authority). The extension begins near the former Ossendorf terminus (which has been closed), crosses the tracks of the HGK, follows the southern edge of the Hugo-Eckener-Strasse with the 1st station (Alter Flughafen Butzweilerhof) being sited at the corner of Hugo-Eckener-Strasse and Köhlstrasse. It then follows a new street which continues east from Köhlstraße. The line passes the new IKEA am Butzweilerhof store (2nd station), crosses the new extension of Richard-Byrd-Straße, and ends at the intersection of Richard-Byrd-Straße and Von-Hünefeld-Straße. Brühl double-track In 2015 the city council approved the expansion to double-track the part of line 18 between Brühl-Mitte and Brühl-Badorf. By December 2018, the new tracks had been built, but because a new railway control center and required inspections had delays, the new track could be opened in April 2019. Additional construction such as the upgrade of platforms along the track was finished by mid 2020. ==Current and future expansion==

North-South Stadtbahn The North-South Stadtbahn (NSS) is made up of three stages: • Two parallel tunnels from Breslauer Platz to Marktstraße, connecting to the existing Innenstadttunnel • A track from Bonner Wall to Schönhauser Straße connecting the route to the Rheinuferbahn • 4 more surface stations along Bonner Straße from Marktstraße to Arnoldshöhe Background First considerations to connect the north and south of the city center were already undertaken in the 1970s, and actual planning was started by the city in 1983. A direct connection of the north to the south is needed, because part of the Innenstadttunnel is operating at capacity with 30 trains per hour serving it. The second stage is only to connect the line to the Rheinuferbahn, necessary for line 16's operation. The third stage aims to provide a better service for the residents of the Südstadt, Bayenthal, Marienburg and Raderberg by extending line 5, decreasing the travel time from the end of A 555 to the Hauptbahnhof from 30 minutes to just 13. Tunnel collapse and delays On 3 March 2009 the building of the city's archive collapsed into the first stage's tunnel under construction on the Severinstraße between stations Severinstraße and Heumarkt, killing two people. Poor construction, the theft of necessary iron reinforcements and several ground water break-ins into the tunnel, which were not reported or controlled properly by the construction company, are among the alleged causes for this catastrophe. In 2012, line 5 was re-routed from its previous terminus Reichensbergerplatz to the already finished part of the NSS, now serving Rathaus (city hall) station. A further expansion to Heumarkt opened in December 2013. The 4 stations south of the collapse, Bonner Wall to Severinstraße, and the 2nd stage of the project were opened on 13 December 2015, served by line 17. The next step of the expansion will be an above ground extension from the Marktstr. Station down Bonner Straße, through Bayenthal. Construction started in January 2022 and should be completed at the end of 2025. Full operation of the North-South Rail Tunnel will not be achieved until 2029 due to the issues of stabilizing the section of tunnel that collapsed in 2009. Cost The extra cost of approximately 4 million euro is planned to mitigate the negative perception of the NSS project due to the collapse as well as budget increases, late completion (originally planned for 2011) and disruption. To avoid the possible destruction of archaeological artefacts underneath one of the oldest cities in Germany, the NSS was bored down to nearly below ground level. At the location of the future stations, however, archaeological digs were still required and are cited as one of the reasons for the already significant cost overruns. While initially estimated to cost around 600 million euro, the current price tag is calculated at around 960 million euro. Because the second stage, connecting the tunnel to the line along the Rhine river has not yet been tendered, but is expected to cost another 100 million, total cost is expected to be 1.1 billion euro. StadtBahn South As a 4th stage of the North-South Stadtbahn an extension from Arnoldshöhe to Rondorf and Meschenich was proposed already in 1992. This project has since been renamed to StadtBahn South and is planned independently from the North-South Stadtbahn. The first stage of the project will only reach the northern edge of Meschenich, while a second stage will continue to its southern end. The project will also connect the development area Rondorf Nord-West, where 3300 new homes will be built in the next years, directly to the city center. The biggest problem of the project is crossing the Verteilerkreisel at the end of the Autobahn A 555 directly after the last station of stage 3, Arnoldshöhe. Here, several different solutions were evaluated: • A tunnel below the roundabout • A bridge above it • Two at grade crossings going around the roundabout In March of 2023 the city council decided that the preferred solution would be the bridge, but that the at-grade solution would also be continued to be planned. This was due to the lower cost than the tunnel, the disadvantages of at-grade crossings, the about shorter route, the complete replacement of bus line 132 which currently takes 44 minutes to complete the journey into the city center, the smaller impact on the green spaces and adjacent neighborhood and because this route was intended in the planning of the development area Rondorf Nord-West removing the need to change its plans. There are three stations planned in Rondorf, called Rondorf Nord, Rondorf Mitte and Rondorf South. The bridge above the roundabout will need to incorporate the red steel-stele that stands in the middle of the roundabout into its design. This stele is part of an artwork by Lutz Fritsch called "Standortmitte" ("middle of the location") that consists of two identical steles at both ends of the A 555 connecting the cities of Cologne and Bonn. To protect a drinking water protection zone the route passes through the adjacent street Am Wasserwerkswäldchen will be closed for through-traffic and a gas station located on the roundabout will also be closed. The second stage of the project, continuing the line from the northern to the southern end of Meschenich, was also approved and planning was started. and line 7 and 9 running on the same surface-level tracks in the city center, the rail section at Neumarkt is operating at capacity, West This part between Weiden West and Universitätsstraße runs completely on the surface in the middle of Aachener Straße. In this part, platforms and turning loops will have to be upgraded to fit the longer trains. Planning started in 2018, and between August 15 and 4 September 2022, feedback for the plans could be given online. Construction is expected to start in the middle of 2027. In an open discussion with residents, Stadtbahn users and car users in mid-2018, options 1 and 4 were rejected by everyone, while car users are against a tunnel completely. Stadtbahn users favour no tunnel or option 3, and residents support option 2 more than 3. Originally only options 1 and 2 could have been financed by the state of NRW, while 3 and 4 would have required large expenses of the city, but changes in the funding requirements mean that funding of a tunnel to Melaten is now possible as well. The tunnel plan presented to the city council in May 2023 is one of the long variants to Melaten. The exact plans are yet to be released to the public, but reports by news agencies state the following: • At Neumarkt, the westbound car lane would be completely removed, only leaving traffic heading to the east, while bicycles would still be able to pass the square in both directions. The plan aims for two island platforms each handling one direction of train traffic. The turning loop is completely removed in the plans. By choosing this option, the square will be integrated much better into the city center as there won't be any traffic separating the two. • From Rudolfplatz to Moltkestraße, the trains will run on Aachener Straße in both directions, while the motor vehicle traffic will move completely to Richard-Wagner Straße. • Moltkestraße station will most likely be built between Moltkestraße and Brüsseler Straße, but a different option right below the future S-Bahn station Aachener Straße is also being considered. Stepless access to all platforms and trains Because parts of the network were built before accessibility was a concern, many older stations don't feature elevators/ramps to get from street level to the platform without steps. Also, because the network started as a tram, was then partially operated with high-floor Stadtbahn vehicles, and then split into a high-floor (HF) and low-floor (LF) network, some platforms still don't feature level boarding, requiring the users to climb a few steps to enter the train. Seven of these stations can't be upgraded, because they're served by both HF and LF vehicles, while others could, but just haven't been upgraded yet. The LF lines feature level boarding everywhere, as they're compatible with old tram platforms, but parts at both ends of the trains are not accessible. Also a few LF platforms can't be reached without climbing steps, a notable example being the highly used station Friesenplatz. Equipping the HF lines with matching platforms could only be started in 2003, as until then large parts of the network were served by HF and LF lines. First the city center tunnel was converted step-by-step, and in 2010 lines 3 and 4 became the first to be fully accessible. Since then the missing platforms are concentrated on the lines 13 and 16, with a few missing on the other HF lines. Out of the 352 stations, 32 are not accessible, 12 have limited accessibility and 308 are fully accessible. Lines 4, 13 and 18 will have in total 39 platforms upgraded to accommodate new long trains and add sufficient fire protection for the increasing number of passengers in underground stations. Other plans All of these plans have been brought up by a political party, and some are in different planning stages currently. ==Rolling stock==

Since the last traditional tramcars were retired in 2006, the Stadtbahn's active rolling stock consists exclusively of modern articulated light rail vehicles. All of them are about long, wide, seat approximately 70 passengers and are approved for speeds of up to . With rare exceptions, all services are operated by two units coupled together. File:KVB2252 Schoenhauser Str.jpg|alt=|Third-generation Type B LRV in new livery on line 16 File:K4000 Koeln Zollstock.jpg|alt=|A K4000 low-floor tram in old livery on line 12 File:K4500 VB Presentation.jpg|alt=|A newer K4500 tram at its presentation on 18 April 2005 File:KVB5102 AeussereKanalstrasse.jpg|alt=|Two K5000 high-floor trams on lines 3 (left) and 4 (right) File:Kvb koeln 2422.jpg|alt=|Refurbished train 2422 at Gleueler Str./Gürtel File:Stadtbahn HF6 Koeln.jpg|alt=|A HF6 train at station Venloer Straße/Gürtel on line 13 Mock-Up Baueihe NF12-NF6 für Kölner Verkehrsbetriebe (cropped).jpg|A mockup of the NF12 and NF6 trains that will start operating in a few years Stadtbahnwagen B In 1973, Cologne received two prototypes of the Duewag Stadtbahnwagen B LRV. Since then, 172 units in four batches were delivered to Cologne until 1996. The first series (2000) was retired until 2023. Four units (2031, 2032, 2035 and 2049) are still kept by the KVB for training purposes, the other units were either scrapped, sold to Istanbul Tram, or in the case of unit 2012, donated to the Straßenbahn-Museum Thielenbruch. On 8 October 2022, a series 2300 Stadtbahnwagen Typ B caught on fire in the underground station Ebertplatz. The cause was determined to be a technical failure by a component beneath the steps, and later narrowed down to an overheated power converter responsible for the breaks. The KVB then temporarily stopped operating the 33 (one source says 32 The manufacturer of the component, ABB, supplied a software update to KVB, which was approved by the technical authority on 10 November, and the operation of the trains resumed on 11 November 2022, the start of carnival season in Cologne. Low-floor LRVs (K4000 and K4500) After tests with a low-floor tram from Vienna, a similar vehicle was developed for Cologne by Bombardier Transportation, later becoming part of Bombardier's standardized Bombardier Flexity Swift family. A total of 124 low-floor trams were delivered between 1995 and 1998, referred to as "K4000", with these vehicles receiving numbers starting with 4001. The Bombardier CR4000 trams operating on Tramlink in Croydon, England are largely based on the K4000 stock used in Cologne. When it was decided to create a second low-floor network, an option for high-floor vehicles was changed to additional low-floor vehicles. Bombardier developed a new low-floor tram based more on the K5000 (see below) than on the K4000. These new trams were named K4500. Delivery of 69 units started in 2005 and was completed in late 2007. CitySprinter By the time a new series of high-floor vehicles was needed, Duewag had been sold to Siemens Transportation Systems and later dissolved, meaning that additional Type B cars were no longer being made. Siemens subsequently proposed the "CitySprinter", a high-floor derivative of its Combino series of low-floor city trams. In August 1999, after two months of testing, the first CitySprinter prototype crashed into another tram at at the Christophstraße/MediaPark U-Bahn station. The accident was caused by a simultaneous electronics shutdown resulting in the train's inability to apply its brakes. Eight people sustained serious injuries. A second prototype was produced but as a result of the crash was never delivered. High-floor LRVs (K5000 and K5200) Following the failure of the CitySprinter, Bombardier derived a high-floor tram from the K4000. 59 units, named K5000, were delivered in 2002 and 2003. The numbering was changed to 5101 at short notice to avoid re-using the number 5001, which had been the number of the ill-fated CitySprinter. Another 15 vehicles of the same design, named K5200, were delivered before 2011. The Bombardier M5000 trams used on the Manchester Metrolink, England are almost identical to the K5000/K5200 series used in Cologne. Refurbished Stadtbahnwagen B series 2100 (now 2400) Starting in 2011, the KVB and Bonn Stadtbahn converted their old series 2100 Stadtbahnwagen B to new, modern trains now classified as series 2400. In this conversion the brake system, seats, air conditioning and the vehicle's body were completely upgraded, and the second cockpit was removed. The type got its EBO certification in 2016, and since then the trains can operate in the whole HF network for another 30 years. The last of the 28 vehicle was certified in April 2021. According to the KVB, upgrading the old trains for 49 million Euro saved about 40.6 million € over buying new vehicles. Additionally, the engineers servicing the trains already know every part of the trains, knowledge that first has to be gathered with new trains. The project was the first of its kind, with a local rail operator renovating their trains. The project was only possible, because of the high quality materials used in the original 2100 trains. Flexity Swift HF6 Together with the Düsseldorf Rheinbahn, the KVB ordered 79 trains of the type Bombardier Flexity Swift in 2015, 59 of which were intended for Düsseldorf and 20 for Cologne. Since then, the KVB converted 7 options to orders. The first of the 27 trains arrived in December 2020, and after undergoing extensive testing they started normal passenger operation about one year later. The last trains are expected to arrive in Cologne in early 2023. The new trains are capable of achieving , are long, about the same length as the other trains, and include 64 seats. They are designated as series 5300. Low-floor NF12/NF6 In 2020, a contract for 62 new long NF12s and 2 half as long NF6s was given to Alstom and Kiepe Electric, including options for up to 11 additional NF12s and 25 additional NF6s. Delivery and testing of 2 long and 2 short trains is planned to start in July 2024, with passenger service starting a year later. The new trains are supposed to completely replace the 124 existing K4000 LRVs. The trains feature many new things previously not seen in the system. Currently all trains are composed of two 30 m units, resulting in wasted space and a safety hazard where the trains are coupled together, while the new NF12's will fully use the whole length of the trains and feature a fifth set of doors in the middle. The trains will also be equipped with a collision warning system that can detect objects up to in front of the train, issuing a warning to the driver depending on the speed of the train. The trains will feature more efficient air conditioning than previous ones, better passenger information screens and sensors that enable preventive maintenance. Stadler LRVs In 2025, a contract for 132 new vehicles was given to Stadler Rail. The longest version will be up to long, including options for intermediate modules, each long. Train interiors File:KVB2000erInnenraum.jpg|B100S 2000 File:KVB2100erInnenraum.jpg|B100S 2100 File:KVB2254Innenraum.jpg|B80D 2200 File:KVB2300erInnenraum rot.jpg|B80D 2300 File:4000er Innenraum.jpg|K4000 File:Innenraum eines K5000.jpg|K5000 == Depots and workshops ("Betriebshöfe") ==

The KVB has 4 large depots and workshops, as well as a few smaller parking facilities. Historically there were 17 more depots and workshops, that have since been relocated or abandoned. Current depots, workshops and parking facilities Wesseling The depot and workshop in Wesseling was first constructed by the KBE in 1906. It's the smallest one, with space for just 50 trains and 30 employees, and mainly serves the trains for lines 16, 17 and 18. It's the only depot outside of Cologne, and sometimes the old Querbahn is used to connect it to line 18. It was transferred to the KVB, when the KBE closed in 1986. West The depot at Scheidweilerstr. exists since 1924 when the old depot, that stood where the Aachener Weiher now is, was destroyed. After World War 2, the depot was almost completely destroyed and for the time, depots Sülz and Ost were used. In 1961 to 1964 the depot as it now is was built. The depot is known as the heart of the KVB, because the control room is situated there, as well as customer service and management. In total, about 1200 employees work at the depot and the surrounding offices. The depot has space for 60 of the trains used on lines 1, 5, 7 and 13. In 2004 and 2005, the management building was renovated and 2 new buildings were built, and in 2021 the old tracks from the 1960s were replaced. The control room is one of the most modern ones in Europe since its renovation in 2014. Merheim The depot in Merheim, that opened in 1994, is the biggest and most modern, with space for 140 trains in an area of about , and 120 employees working there. After its opening the former depots East and Thielenbruch were closed. Nearly all trains, especially on lines 3 and 4, are stored and serviced here. Stadium The parking facility at the RheinEnergieStadion was built along with the sport facilities in 1923 with 8 tracks, and has since been modernized several times. It's mainly used to provide trains to visitors of sport events and some trains only used during peak hours. Porz Just behind Porz Markt station there are two tracks were the trains running to the university in the morning are parked. Zündorf At the south end of line 7 there's a single track for parking created in 2000. It's necessary because going there from Betriebshof West or Merheim is time-consuming and complicated, the parking facility in Porz is to small and former depots in Deutz and Porz were closed. Deutz The quad-tracked underground parking facility Deutz is just east of Bahnhof Deutz/Messe station, and was created together with the tunnel in 1983. The plans to rebuild Merheim and close Betriebshof Deutz were concrete enough already, that this parking facility was deemed necessary. Merkenich Only in 2005 a parking facility was created at the terminus of line 12 in Merkenich for trains of lines 12 and 15, because of the long time required to get there from other depots. It was built double-tracked with space for six trains per track, and was extended in 2013 with a third track, but the first track is now used to turn the trains around, while only the 2nd and 3rd are used for parking. The trains of line 15 parking here depart as line 15 in the morning, but serve line 12's route until Wilhelm-Sollman Straße, where lines 12 and 15 join. These additional services on line 12's route are not explicitly mentioned on timetables. Former depots Maximinenstraße In Maximinenstraße there were two depots: Starting 1877 it was the main depot, workshop and office of the first horsecar system, but an expansion of the Centralbahnhof forced it to close in 1886. In 1888 another depot was built in Maximinenstraße, that was closed in 1902 because it was deemed to small in the electrification of the system. Kalk The depot in Kalk was also opened in 1877, housing the horses and wagons of the horsecar between Deutz and Kalk, which both didn't formally belong to Cologne at that point. When the much larger Ost-Bahnhof in Deutz was opened in 1902, the depot was closed. Nippes The depot in Nippes served the horsecar lines to Nippes and Sechzig, but had to be closed in 1903 because it was to small for the electrification. West The former Betriebshof West was built in 1877 for services to Melaten and Lindenthal, and upgraded in 1902 for use with electric vehicles. The old depot was located at the junction of Dürener Straße/(Innere) Kanalstraße and was torn down when the Aachener Weiher was constructed in 1923. Only a year later the current Betriebshof West in Scheidtweiler Straße was opened, keeping the wooden halls from the old site which later burnt down due to bombing during World War 2. Ehrenfeld The depot in Gutenbergstraße was also constructed in 1877 for the service to Ehrenfeld, and was one of the few that had enough space to be upgraded in the electrification in 1901. During World War 2 it was damaged so badly, that it was closed in 1944. Süd (South) The last depot opened in 1877 was located at Koblenzer Straße in Bayenthal, where it first housed horsecars and later electric trams. The depot was modernized regularly to keep up with new vehicle technologies, but starting in the 1950s the increasingly larger vehicles were parked and serviced in depots West and Ost more and more, until the depot sharply reduced train operation in 1967, serving only for some parking during the night. A few years later the depot was only used for buses until it closed entirely in 1996. Mülheim In 1889 a depot was built in Kranenstraße, but was to small for the electrification in 1902, and closed. The original building still exists today. Rodenkirchen Rodenkirchen saw the smallest depot of the KVB ever from 1883 to 1902. The just big area had space for just four wagons and nine horses, as well as beds for the personnel, but it was probably only used by one horsecar at a time. Weißbüttengasse Located in Altstadt-Süd, the depot was opened in 1885. The building had a two-story hall, with offices on the second floor for the management, which moved there after Maximinenstraße was closed. Due to space constraints, only trains of line 18 were parked there when the depot closed in 1933. The offices were still used until 1943 when the building was destroyed in World War 2. Nord (North) In 1888 the depot at Rhieler Straße, opposite to the zoo, was opened, and in 1901 it was electrified and got an access from the Rhine's shore, but it housed the last horsecars until 1907. The workshop was closed in 1923 and moved to Merheim (now Weidenpesch). Starting 1950 only buses were parked here, and in 1956 the depot was closed. Ost (East) The depot was opened in 1902 for electric trams at Deutz-Kalker Straße in Deutz, and until its closure in 1994, when the depot in Merheim made it obsolete, the depot was modernized countless times. Today the space is used by the Kölner Haie. Merheim left-rhenish (Weidenpesch) The old depot in Weidenpesch, which was called Merheim until 1952, was opened in 1902 in Jesuitengasse, and closed in 1969. Thielenbruch The depot in Thielenbruch was opened in 1902 to serve the Vorortbahn C, later G, to Bergisch Gladbach. In 1926 the depot was expanded with a second hall, and is under preservation since 1985. It was one of few depots that weren't damaged badly during World War 2, and was closed in 1994 because the new depot Merheim opened and expansion was difficult due to the preservation. The history of the depot doesn't end here though, as one hall was converted to the terminus of (now) lines 3 and 18, and in 1997 a museum opened in the other hall where the historical horsecars, trams and trains of the system are shown. Porz The depot in Porz was opened in 1909 where now Porz Markt station is located, but the area was limited by Goethestraße in the east and rail tracks in the West. In 1973 train operations were stopped, and in 1975 it was closed. Bensberg In 1913 a depot was opened at the former terminus Bensberg, that's now called Im Hoppenkamp. Starting 1945 no trains spent their time here, and in 1961 the hall that once had 4 tracks of which one had remained, was destroyed and replaced by 3 outdoor tracks. This new parking space was not needed technically, but it was built anyways to attract potential new personnel from Bergisch Gladbach by providing a close by depot. It was closed in 1967. In this place the tunnel to the current terminus Bensberg was started in 1996. Mülheim The second depot in Mülheim was opened in 1913 by the Mülheimer Kleinbahnen, because Mülheim only became part of Cologne the next year. After the city took over the Mülheimer Kleinbahnen in 1933, the depot was mainly used for the Vorortbahn O. Between 1936 and 1941 the depot was closed and used as storage, and after that it was reopened to be a reserve in case Betriebshof Ost would become inoperable by bombing. In 1958 the depot became unnecessary and was closed. Sülz In 1927 a depot was opened at Hermeskeiler Platz where now the terminus of line 9 is located, and for a short time it was the largest Betriebshof on European mainland. In World War 2 large parts of it were destroyed, and afterwards two previous tracks were used for trolleybuses that were tested in the 1950s. Because of its location in a residential area, there was no space for expansion and residents often complained about the noise. Due to these problems, the depot was closed in 1986. == Technology ==

Like most German Stadtbahn systems, standard-gauge and overhead line are used. The wires are supplied with 800 V DC, Due to the beginning of the system as a tram, the tracks feature small curve radiuses of down to ; other systems like the Stuttgart Stadtbahn use radiuses of at least . The trains use the maximum legal width of vehicles on streets of . In most trains there are groups of 4 seats, but the newer K4500 and K5000 use some row-seating. The platform height is (low-floor network) and (high-floor network) above the rails. All platforms are built for a long double-units, with the smallest platforms being long requiring an exact stop. The longest platforms are on the underground station Fuldaer Straße, which is long. Signalling and train protection below On most surface tracks, line-of-sight operation is used. The surface signals can indicate one of three things, though not all signals have all indications installed. • Horizontal bar: Stop • Vertical bar: Proceed straight ahead • Diagonal bar: Proceed to the right/left In the tunnels, on the elevated track and on some surface right-of-ways, signalling and train protection are used. On KVB tracks the maximum speed is even with these installed, while on HGK tracks up to are allowed, but never achieved because the trains only allow up to . The signals have three indications: • Green: Proceed • Yellow: Expect stop at next signal • Red: Stop In the city center tunnel, sometimes the yellow signal is used together with speed signal "2", allowing entering a partially blocked segment with up to to allow smaller distances between trains. On all lines there is a kind of PZB in use, where the inductors are located between the tracks instead of next to them like standard PZB. On the HGK lines, additional PZB equipment for freight trains is installed. Passenger information All Stadtbahn trains have speakers to play announcements, and in the 1970s the trams were retrofitted with these as well. Since the 1990s all trains are fitted with at least two displays showing the next station, or while in a station, the terminus. Because the recorded announcements became increasingly pieced together with every timetable change, they were all newly recorded in 2003. In 2010, after a previous test on line 13, the announcements on the east–west lines (1, 7, 9) got a larger amount of information with all possible connections (Stadtbahn, bus, regional- and intercity trains) being announced. Also for the first time in Cologne's history, the announcements on some important stations like Bahnhof Messe/Deutz were also done in English, but only giving important info for tourists, but these are no longer in use. Since 1 December 2012 all announcements include the connections, and are computer generated. Because of the amount of side-platforms, the exit side is only announced when it is on the left side. Beginning with the stations of the city center tunnel, the other stations following step-by-step, they were first equipped with digital platform displays capable of showing the next 2 trains and a line of other information. In the 2000s these were replaced by new, bigger displays capable of 3 trains and one line of information, with some playing back an audible announcement at the station when a train enters the station. Interchange stations have larger displays, that show departures of all lines on all platforms. Since February 2021, these are getting replaced again with even larger displays capable of showing more trains, and will be capable of showing videos once a system update planned for mid 2022 is installed, for example to suggest passengers alternative routes when a train is cancelled. In a further step the displays inside the trains will be replaced by similar displays as well. ==See also==