Volkswagen Type 4

As Volkswagen's first 4-door saloon, the Type 4 also introduced unibody construction, coil springs, trailing wishbone rear suspension, hydraulic clutch manual transmission – as well as MacPherson strut front suspension: the 411's front suspension layout was subsequently adopted for the VW Type 1 1302/1303 ("Super Beetle"). When the Type 4 was discontinued in 1974, its engine carried on as the power plant for the larger-engined Volkswagen Type 2 models, produced from 1972 to 1979, and for the later Volkswagen Type 2 (T3) bus from 1980 until 1983. ==411==

At launch, the 411 featured a 1679 cc engine with twin carburetors, subsequently modified in 1969 with Bosch D-Jetronic electronic fuel injection and with claimed power output increased from . This fuel-injected engine was shared with the mid-engined Porsche 914, also launched in 1969. European 411 nomenclature highlighted the fuel injection with the suffix 'E' (for Einspritzung). Revisions in 1969 also included replacement of the single oval headlights with twin round headlights. The Type 4's battery was located under the front passenger seat. All models featured ventless driver and front passenger windows, notched on their leading edge to provide draught-free ventilation, no cost metallic paint, radial ply tires, full carpeting, clock, electric rear window demister, flow-through ventilation, undercoating, and a thermostatically controlled auxiliary heating system, specifically, a gasoline-operated heater model BA4 by Eberspächer, fired by a spark plug, accessible from a hidden rear window deck plate. The 411 was also assembled in South Africa beginning in 1969, in two- or four-door configurations. The four-door only came as a DeLuxe and was available with an optional automatic transmission, while the two-door was available either as a Standard or a DeLuxe. In 1968, Karmann presented a 411-based cabriolet prototype which did not enter production. File:Volkswagen 411 Front view Essex.jpg|1968 Volkswagen 411L 4-door saloon. 1968 models are distinguished by their single oblong covered headlamps. File:VW 411 LE 1971 2.JPG|1971 Volkswagen 411 LE File:1972 Volkswagen 411 LE Variant in White, rear left.jpg|1972 Volkswagen 411 LE Variant, rear view File:Techno Classica 2018, Essen (IMG 9675).jpg|411 convertible concept File:Volkswagen 411 notchback prototype 1966. In the end the manufacturer prefered a fastback profile for the Type 4.JPG|Type 4 notchback prototype ==412==

The 412 replaced the 411 in August 1972 in Germany, The redesign by noted stylist Brooks Stevens featured Halogen lights, revised headlight surrounds and nose panels. In August 1973 (for the 1974 model year), the engine capacity was raised to 1795 cc and fuel management reverted to a twin carburettor system; the 412LE was renamed 412LS. North American models continued to be equipped with the Bosch fuel injection system. This was to be the last model year for the 412, with production ending in June 1974. The visual design of the Volkswagen 412 Variant was retained when the Brazilian Type 3 models TL, Variant, Variant II, and later Brazilian Variant-based Volkswagen Brasilia were produced in Brazil, primarily for the Latin American markets. In February 1974, the four-door 412L was priced at DM 10,995 (DM 11,145 for the 412 LS) in the German home market. The 412 was also built in South Africa from 1972 to 1974. The specification varied somewhat from European models, with the omission of the petrol heater, no rear window de-fogger as standard and with different paint options and interior trim. A total of 34,452 of the Type 4 (411 and 412) were produced in South Africa between 1969 and 1974. File:Volkswagen_412_2-door_at_Schaffen-Diest_in_2015.JPG|Volkswagen 412 (fastback) File:VW 412 LE Variant hl.jpg|VW 412 LE Variant File:Volkswagen 412 L Variant Classic-Days 2022 DSC 0161.jpg|VW 412 L Variant ==Data==

==Sources and further reading==