Boeing B-50 Superfortress

converted to test the possibility of using the R-4360 radial engine. Development of an improved B-29 started in 1944, with the desire to replace the unreliable Wright R-3350 Duplex-Cyclone engines with the more powerful four-row, 28-cylinder Pratt & Whitney R-4360 Wasp Major radial engines, America's largest-ever displacement aircraft piston engine in large-scale production. A B-29A-5-BN (serial number 42-93845) was modified by Pratt & Whitney as a testbed for the installation of the R-4360 in the B-29, with four R-4360-33s replacing the R-3350s. The modified aircraft, designated XB-44 Superfortress, first flew in May 1945. The planned Wasp-Major powered bomber, the B-29D, was to incorporate considerable changes in addition to the engine installation tested in the XB-44. The use of a new alloy of aluminum, 75-S rather than the existing 24ST, gave a wing that was both stronger and lighter, while the undercarriage was strengthened to allow the aircraft to operate at weights of up to greater than the B-29. A larger vertical fin and rudder (which could fold to allow the aircraft to fit into existing hangars) and enlarged flaps were provided to deal with the increased engine power and weight, respectively. Armament was similar to that of the B-29, with two bomb bays carrying of bombs, and a further externally. Defensive armament was 13 × 12.7 mm (.50 BMG) machine guns (or 12 machine guns and one cannon) in five turrets. An order for 200 B-29Ds was placed in July 1945, but the ending of World War II in August 1945 prompted mass cancellations of outstanding orders for military equipment, with over 5,000 B-29s canceled in September 1945. Orders for 43 B-54s, the planned production version of the YB-50C, were placed in 1948, but Curtis LeMay, commander of Strategic Air Command (SAC), deemed it inferior to the Convair B-36 Peacemaker and having little capacity for further improvement, while requiring an expensive redevelopment of air bases owing to the type's undercarriage. The B-54 program was therefore canceled in April 1949, with work on the YB-50C being stopped before it was completed. To give the Superfortress the range to reach the Soviet Union, B-50s were fitted to be refueled in flight. Most of the B-50As were fitted with the early "looped hose" refueling system, developed by the British company Flight Refuelling Limited, in which the receiving aircraft would use a grapple to catch a line trailed by the tanker aircraft (normally a Boeing KB-29) before hauling over the fuel line to allow transfer of fuel to begin. To replace this clumsy system, Boeing designed the "flying boom" method to refuel SAC's bombers, with most B-50Ds being fitted with receptacles for flying boom refueling. Revisions to the B-50 (from its predecessor B-29) increased top speed to just under . Changes included: • More powerful engines • Redesigned engine nacelles and engine mounts • Enlarged vertical tail and rudder (to maintain adequate yaw control during engine-out conditions) • Reinforced wing structure (required due to increased engine mass, larger gyroscopic forces from larger propellers, greater fuel load, and revised landing gear loading) • Revised routing for engine gases (cooling, intake, exhaust and intercooler ducts; also oil lines) • Upgraded remote turret fire-control equipment • Landing gear strengthened and takeoff weight increased from • Increased fuel capacity with underwing fuel tanks being added. • Improvements to flight control systems (the B-29 was difficult to fly; with increased weights the B-50 would have been more so). • Nose wheel steering rather than a castering nose wheel as on the B-29 The C-97 military transport was, in its 1944 prototype, essentially a large upper fuselage tube attached to a B-29 lower fuselage and wings, with an inverted figure-eight cross-section. In its production version it incorporated the key elements of the B-50 platform including, after the first 10 in production, the enlarged tailfin of the B-50. The B-29 and B-50 were phased out with introduction of the jet-powered Boeing B-47 Stratojet. The B-50 was nicknamed "Andy Gump", because the redesigned engine nacelles reminded aircrew of the chinless newspaper comic character popular at the time. ==Operational history==

from VMA-214. , England test program. Boeing built 370 of the various B-50 models and variants between 1947 and 1953, the tanker and weather reconnaissance versions remaining in service until 1965. The first B-50As were delivered in June 1948 to the Strategic Air Command's 43d Bombardment Wing, based at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona. The 2d Bombardment Wing at Chatham Air Force Base, Georgia also received B-50As; the 93d Bombardment Wing at Castle Air Force Base, California and the 509th Bombardment Wing at Walker Air Force Base, New Mexico received B-50Ds in 1949. The fifth and last SAC wing to receive B-50Ds was the 97th Bombardment Wing at Biggs Air Force Base, Texas in December 1950. The mission of these wings was to be able to deliver atomic bombs on enemy targets. B-50s from the 4925th Special Weapons Group of Kirtland Air Force Base in Albuquerque, New Mexico dropped atomic bombs in a series of tests in Frenchman Flat, Nevada from 1951 to 1953. The 301st Bombardment Wing at MacDill Air Force Base, Florida received some B-50As reassigned from Davis–Monthan in early 1951, but used them for non-operational training pending the delivery of B-47A Stratojets in June 1951. The B-50 was built as an interim strategic bomber to be replaced by the B-47 Stratojet, but delays to the Stratojet forced the B-50 to soldier on until well into the 1950s. The vast northern borders of the Soviet Union were wide open in many places during the early Cold War years, with little defensive radar coverage and limited detection capability. RB-50 aircraft of the 55th SRW flew many sorties along the periphery and, where necessary, into the interior. Initially, there was little opposition from the Soviet forces as radar coverage was limited and, if the overflying aircraft were detected, the World War II-era Soviet fighters could not intercept the RB-50s at their high altitude. The deployment of the MiG-15 interceptor in the early 1950s made these flights exceedingly hazardous, with several being shot down by Soviet air defenses and the wreckage being examined by intelligence personnel. RB-50 missions over Soviet territory ended by 1954, replaced by the RB-47 Stratojet intelligence aircraft that could fly higher at near-supersonic speed. In addition to the aerial tanker conversion, the Air Weather Service by 1955 had worn out the WB-29s used for hurricane hunting and other weather reconnaissance missions. Thirty-six former SAC B-50Ds were stripped of their armament and equipped for long-range weather reconnaissance missions. The WB-50 could fly higher, faster and longer than the WB-29. However, between 1956 and 1960 it experienced 13 major operational accidents, six of them involving the loss of the entire crew, and 66 crew-member fatalities. After the weather reconnaissance fleet was grounded in May 1960 because of fuel leaks, plans were set in motion in 1962 to modify B-47 Stratojets being phased out of SAC to replace it in the role. The WB-50 had an important role during the Cuban Missile Crisis, when it monitored the weather around Cuba to plan photo-reconnaissance flights. The WB-50 was retired in 1965 due to metal fatigue and corrosion. ==Variants==

;XB-44 :One B-29A was handed over to Pratt & Whitney to be used as a testbed for the installation of the new Wasp Major 28-cylinder engines in the B-29. :TB-50A – Conversion of 11 B-50As as crew trainers for units operating the B-36. ;B-50B :Improved version, with increased maximum take-off weight and new, lightweight fuel tanks. 45 built. :EB-50B – Single B-50B modified as test-bed for bicycle undercarriage, later used to test "caterpillar track" landing gear. :RB-50B – Conversion of B-50B for strategic reconnaissance, with capsule in rear fuselage carrying nine cameras in four stations, weather instruments, and extra crew. Could be fitted with two drop tanks under outer wings. 44 converted from B-50B. ;YB-50C :Prototype for B-54 bomber, to have Variable Discharge Turbine version of the R-4360 engine, longer fuselage and bigger, stronger wings. One prototype started but canceled before completion. ;B-50D :Definitive bomber version of the B-50. Higher max takeoff weight (). Fitted with receptacle for flying boom in-flight refueling and provision for underwing drop tanks. Modified nose glazing with 7-piece nose cone window was replaced by a single plastic cone and a flat bomb-aimer's window. A total of 222 were built. :DB-50D – Single B-50D converted as drone director conversion of a B-50D, for trials with the GAM-63 RASCAL missile. :KB-50D – Prototype conversion of two B-50Ds as three-point aerial refueling tanker, using drogue-type hoses. Used as the basis for later production KB-50J and KB-50K conversions. A further conversion from a TB-50D was also designated KB-50D. :TB-50D – Conversion of early B-50Ds lacking aerial-refueling receptacles as unarmed crew trainers. Eleven were converted. :WB-50D – Conversion of surplus B-50Ds as weather reconnaissance aircraft to replace worn out WB-29s. Fitted with doppler radar, atmospheric sampler and other specialist equipment, and extra fuel in the bomb bay. Some were used to carry out highly classified missions for atmospheric sampling from 1953 to 1955 to detect Soviet detonation of atomic weapons. ;RB-50E :14 RB-50Bs converted at Wichita for specialist photographic reconnaissance. ;RB-50F :Conversion of 14 RB-50Bs as survey aircraft, fitted with SHORAN navigation radar. ;RB-50G :Conversion of the RB-50B for electronic reconnaissance. Fitted with Shoran for navigation, and six electronic stations, with 16-man crew; 15 converted. ;KB-50J :Conversions to air-to-air refueling tankers with improved performance from two extra General Electric J47 turbojets under the outer wings, 112 converted from B-50D, TB-50D, RB-50E, RB-50F and RB-50G aircraft. ;KB-50 :136 conversions to three-point hose-drogue tankers by Hayes Industries, with the auxiliary fuel tanks outboard of the engines and hose pod under the wing-tips. ;KB-50K :Tanker conversions of the TB-50H trainer aircraft. 24 converted. ;B-54A :Proposed version of the YB-50C. ;RB-54A :Proposed reconnaissance version of the YB-50C. ;WB-50 :Weather reconnaissance aircraft converted from B-50A aircraft. ==Surviving examples==

in Atwater, California. From the 370 produced only five B-50 aircraft survive: ; B-50A AF Ser. No. 46-0010 Lucky Lady II – The first plane to fly around the world nonstop, between February 26 and March 2, 1949. Was refueled four times in air by KB-29 tanker planes of the 43rd Air Refuelling Squadron, over the Azores, Saudi Arabia, the Philippines and Hawaii. The circumnavigation took 94 hours and 1 minute, and covered at an average speed of . Lucky Lady II was disassembled after a serious accident, and its forward fuselage is stored outside at Planes of Fame Air Museum in Chino, California. ; WB-50D AF Ser. No. 49-0310 – National Museum of the United States Air Force at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in Dayton, Ohio. AF Ser. No. 49-0351 Flight of the Phoenix – Castle Air Museum at the former Castle Air Force Base in Atwater, California. This was the last B-50 to be flown, being delivered to MASDC at Davis–Monthan Air Force Base, Arizona, on 6 October 1965. It was put on display at the Castle Air Museum in 1980. ; KB-50J AF Ser No. 49-0372 – Pima Air & Space Museum adjacent to Davis-Monthan Air Force Base in Tucson, Arizona. AF Ser. No. 49-0389 – Air Mobility Command Museum in Dover, Delaware. Formerly an outdoor display at MacDill Memorial Park at MacDill Air Force Base in Tampa, Florida. In 2018, 49-0389 was dismantled and relocated to the Air Mobility Command Museum; as of 2023, the airframe was on outdoor display while undergoing restoration ==Operators==

; United States : United States Air Force Strategic Air Command ;WB-50 Superfortress : 53d Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1955–1965 : 54th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1955–1960; 1962–1965 : 55th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1958–1960 (TB-50); 1960–1963 : 56th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1956–1962 : 57th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1956–1958 : 58th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1956–1958 : 59th Weather Reconnaissance Squadron, 1955–1960 Tactical Air Command ;KB-50 Superfortress : 420th Air Refueling Squadron :: 47th Bombardment Wing, Tactical, 1955–1964 (USAFE) : 421st Air Refueling Squadron :: 49th Fighter-Bomber Group, 1955–1957 :: 67th Tactical Reconnaissance Wing, 1957–1960 :: 3d Tactical Bombardment Wing (Attached), November 1960 – June 1962 (PACAF) : 427th Air Refueling Squadron :: 4505th Air Refueling Wing, 1959–1963 : 429th Air Refueling Squadron :: 4505th Air Refueling Wing, 1958–1963 : 431st Air Refueling Squadron :: 4505th Air Refueling Wing, 1958–1963 :: 4440th Aircraft Delivery Group, 1963–1965 : 622d Air Refueling Squadron :: 4505th Air Refueling Wing, 1957–1963 ==Specifications (B-50D)==