Australia Prior to 1900 in Australia, charitable assistance from benevolent societies, sometimes with financial contributions from the authorities, was the primary means of relief for people not able to support themselves. In 1900, the states of New South Wales and Victoria enacted legislation introducing non-contributory pensions for those aged 65 and over. Queensland legislated a similar system in 1907 before the Australian labor Commonwealth government led by
Andrew Fisher introduced a national aged pension under the Invalid and Old-Aged Pensions Act 1908. A national invalid disability pension was started in 1910, and a national maternity allowance was introduced in 1912.
Canada Canada has a
welfare state in the European tradition; however, it is not referred to as "welfare", but rather as "social programs". In Canada, "welfare" usually refers specifically to direct payments to poor individuals (as in the American usage) and not to healthcare and education spending (as in the European usage). The Canadian
social safety net covers a broad spectrum of programs, and because Canada is a
federation, many are run by the
provinces. Canada has a wide range of government
transfer payments to individuals, which totaled $145billion in 2006. Only social programs that direct funds to individuals are included in that cost; programs such as
medicare and
public education are additional costs. Generally speaking, before the
Great Depression, most social services were provided by religious charities and other private groups. Changing government policy between the 1930s and 1960s saw the emergence of a welfare state, similar to many Western European countries. Most programs from that era are still in use, although many were scaled back during the 1990s as government priorities shifted towards reducing
debt and
deficits.
China Czech Republic Social welfare in
Czech Republic is outlined in a series of
social policies, as is the tradition in Europe. Their goal is primarily preventing, but also mitigating social situations individuals may find themselves in through their lives. The social welfare is provided through social (including pension) insurance, sick insurance (not to be confused with
health insurance), public policy related to unemployment and low income benefits, which are financed through the government budget, and health insurance, which is financed through an array of insurance companies. Therefore, the social welfare program is usually separated into three categories: health insurance, social insurance and social benefits support. Social insurance is a type of
statutory insurance that provides citizens for a future unforeseen social event, such as unemployment or disability that would prevent an individual from working, but also planned retirement. Social insurance is therefore compulsory for all self-employed individuals, employees and employers operating in the Czech Republic and gets deducted from a salary in a similar manner to taxes. This insurance serves to finance unemployment support, disability benefits and covers a part of an employer's salary in cases of long-term illness that obstructs them from participating in the workforce. The sickness insurance system is intended for gainfully employed individuals who, in cases of short-term social events, are provided with health insurance benefits. These are provided through financial benefits. Sickness insurance participants are employees and self-employed individuals. Employees are compulsorily covered by sickness insurance, unlike the self-employed, whose sickness insurance is voluntary (and there is no penalisation for opting out of the insurance). It is calculated through a series of reductions of an assessment base. Employees' sickness insurance provides 4 types of sickness benefits: benefits for caring for a family member, pregnancy and maternity allowance, maternity allowance. It is standard to go on paid maternity leave in the Czech Republic, which ordinarily lasts 28 weeks. This period is prolonged to 37 weeks in the case of twins. Furthermore, there are special circumstances, such as the birth of a disabled child, when this period is extended even more. The beginning of maternity leave is usually 6 weeks before expected due date, and after maternity leave, it is possible to request further parental leave, which is optional and can be performed by either parent, regardless of gender. Parental leave lasts up to four years, depending on individual preferences. Pension insurance is part of social insurance, in addition to sickness insurance and serves as a contribution to the state employment policy. It is a premium for old age retirement, disability retirement or benefits in the event of the death of the primary provider in a household. Participation in pension insurance is mandatory for economically active individuals. For those on various forms of benefits, or currently registered as a care provider, this insurance is provided by the state. The basic pension insurance provides, in time old-age pension (includes regular, proportional, early and other variants of old-age pension), disability benefits, widower's and orphan's pension. Pension insurance is applied for at the District Social Security Administration in the applicant's place of permanent residence. They can apply in person or by proxy, on the basis of a notarized power of attorney. The amount of the pension consists of two component – the basic acreage and the percentage acreage. Another form of pension is the disability pension. This is provided to individuals that are unable to participate in the workforce to the same degree as their able-bodied counterparts, due to their disability contributing to the decline of their ability to work (be it partially or entirely). There is a distinction between disability pension for individuals with first, second and third degree disability. The amount of the pension depends on the rate of decline of the person's ability to work, with the categories being divided between the first degree (a decrease of 35–49%), the second degree (a decrease of 50–69%), and the third degree (a decrease of 70% and above). Furthermore, there is a so-called widow's / widower's pension. Provided to widowed individuals from the Czech pension system, its aim is to compensate households for losing income that they would in this situation be lacking. The widowed individual is entitled to a pension from a deceased person who has received an old-age or disability pension or has fulfilled the statutory condition on the required insurance period at the date of death. The amount of the assessment is 10% of the average wage and the amount of the percentage assessment is 50% of the percentage of the old-age or disability pension to which the deceased was entitled at the time of their death.
Denmark Danish welfare is handled by the state through a series of policies (and the like) that seeks to provide welfare services to citizens, hence the term welfare state. This refers not only to social benefits, but also tax-funded education, public child care, medical care, etc. A number of these services are not provided by the state directly, but administered by municipalities, regions or private providers through outsourcing. This sometimes gives a source of tension between the state and municipalities, as there is not always consistency between the promises of welfare provided by the state (i.e. parliament) and local perception of what it would cost to fulfill these promises.
Estonia Estonia does have a welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The Estonian welfare state is a liberal welfare state, which means that it provides a minimal safety net for citizens in need and places a greater emphasis on individual responsibility and self-sufficiency. The Estonian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The Estonian welfare state is funded through a mix of taxation and public spending, and it relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. However, compared to other welfare states, it has relatively low levels of social spending and may rely more on private sector solutions to address social welfare issues.
Finland (KELA) in
Seinäjoki, Finland The Finnish
Nordic model welfare state is based on the principles of social equality and the belief that all citizens should have access to the same basic rights and opportunities. It provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families. The Finnish welfare state relies on a strong social security system to provide support to citizens in need. It also places a strong emphasis on promoting social cohesion and reducing income inequality, and it has a relatively high level of social spending compared to other countries.
France Solidarity is a strong value of the French Social Protection system. The first article of the French Code of Social Security describes the principle of solidarity. Solidarity is commonly comprehended in relations of similar work, shared responsibility and common risks. Existing solidarities in France caused the expansion of health and social security.
Germany The welfare state has a long tradition in Germany dating to the
Industrial Revolution. Due to the pressure of the workers' movement in the late 19th century,
Reichskanzler Otto von Bismarck introduced the first rudimentary state
social insurance scheme. Under
Adolf Hitler, the
National Socialist Program stated "We demand an expansion on a large scale of old age welfare." Today, the social protection of all its citizens is considered a central pillar of German national policy. 27.6 percent of Germany's GDP is channeled into an all-embracing system of health, pension,
accident, longterm care and
unemployment insurance, compared to 16.2 percent in the US. In addition, there are tax-financed services such as child benefits (
Kindergeld, beginning at €192 per month for the first and second child, €198 for the third and €223 for each child thereafter, until they attain 25 years or receive their first professional qualification), and basic provisions for those unable to work or anyone with an income below the poverty line. Since 2005, reception of full unemployment pay (60–67% of the previous net salary) has been restricted to 12 months in general and 18 months for those over 55. This is now followed by (usually much lower)
Arbeitslosengeld II (ALG II) or
Sozialhilfe, which is independent of previous employment (
Hartz IV concept). , under ALG II, single adults receive up to €449 per month plus the cost of 'adequate' housing. ALG II can also be paid partially to employed persons to supplement a low work income.
India The
Directive Principles of India, enshrined in part IV of the
Indian Constitution, reflect that India is a welfare state. The
National Food Security Act, 2013 aims to guarantee
right to food to all citizens. The welfare system was fragmented until the passing of
The Code on Social Security, 2020, which standardised most of the programmes. The
Government of India's social programmes and welfare expenditures are a substantial portion of the official budget, and
state and
local governments play roles in developing and implementing social security policies. Additional welfare measure systems are also uniquely operated by various state governments. The government uses the
Aadhaar system to distribute welfare measures in India. Some of the social programmes undertaken by the government are: • Direct cash transfers for the poor. • Financial inclusion of all individuals. • Statutory insurances for health and accidents •
Free school meals •
Rural employment guarantee • Various subsidies & benefits • Pensions & provident funds the government's expenditure on social programme and welfare was approximately , which was 8.3% of gross domestic product (GDP). In 2020, the expenditure was , accounting for 7.7% of GDP.
Israel The
Israeli government spend 86 billion
NIS ($22.8 billion) in 2014. They are administered by the
Ministry of Social Affairs and Social Services, and by Israel's national social security agency,
Bituah Leumi. Social security schemes include pensions for the elderly and the disabled, unemployment benefits, and income support for low income households. All residents of Israel must pay insurance contributions to qualify for welfare.
Italy The Italian welfare state's foundations were laid along the lines of the
corporatist-conservative model, or of its
Mediterranean variant. Later, in the 1960s and 1970s, increases in public spending and a major focus on universality brought it on the same path as
social-democratic systems. In 1978, a universalistic welfare model was introduced in Italy, offering a number of universal and free services such as a National Health Fund.
Japan Social welfare, assistance for the ill or otherwise disabled and for the old, has long been provided in Japan by both the government and private companies. Beginning in the 1920s, the government enacted a series of welfare programs, based mainly on European models, to provide medical care and financial support. During the postwar period, a comprehensive system of social security was gradually established.
Latin America History The 1980s marked a change in the structure of
Latin American social protection programs. Social protection embraces three major areas: social insurance, financed by workers and employers; social assistance to the population's poorest, financed by the state; and labor market regulations to protect worker rights. Although diverse, recent Latin American social policy has tended to concentrate on social assistance. The 1980s, had a significant effect on social protection policies. Prior to the 1980s, most Latin American countries focused on social insurance policies involving
formal sector workers, assuming that the
informal sector would disappear with
economic development. The economic crisis of the 1980s and the
liberalization of the
labor market led to a growing informal sector and a rapid increase in poverty and inequality. Latin American countries did not have the institutions and funds to properly handle such a crisis, both due to the structure of the social security system, and to the previously implemented
structural adjustment policies (SAPs) that had decreased the size of the state. New Welfare programs have integrated the multidimensional,
social risk management, and capabilities approaches into poverty alleviation. They focus on income transfers and service provisions while aiming to alleviate both long- and short-term poverty through, among other things, education, health, security, and housing. Unlike previous programs that targeted the working class, new programs have successfully focused on locating and targeting the very poorest. The impacts of social assistance programs vary between countries, and many programs have yet to be fully evaluated. According to Barrientos and Santibanez, the programs have been more successful in increasing investment in
human capital than in bringing households above the poverty line. Challenges still exist, including the extreme inequality levels and the mass scale of poverty; locating a financial basis for programs; and deciding on
exit strategies or on the long-term establishment of programs. •
Argentina:
Jefes y Jefas de Hogar, Asignación Universal por Hijo •
Bolivia:
Bonosol • Brazil:
Bolsa Escola and Bolsa Familia • Chile: '''' •
Colombia:
Solidaridad por Colombia •
Ecuador:
Bono de Desarrollo Humano •
Honduras:
Red Solidaria • Mexico:
Prospera (earlier known as
Oportunidades) •
Panama:
Red de Oportunidades •
Peru:
Juntos Major aspects of current social assistance programs •
Conditional cash transfer (CCT) combined with service provisions. Transfer cash directly to households, most often through the women of the household, if certain conditions are met (e.g. children's school attendance or doctor visits) (10). Providing
free schooling or healthcare is often not sufficient, because there is an
opportunity cost for the parents in, for example, sending children to school (lost
labor power), or in paying for the transportation costs of getting to a health clinic. •
Household. The household has been the focal point of social assistance programs. •
Target the poorest. Recent programs have been more successful than past ones in targeting the poorest. Previous programs often targeted the working class. •
Multidimensional. Programs have attempted to address many dimensions of poverty at once. Chile Solidario is the best example.
New Zealand New Zealand is often regarded as having one of the first comprehensive welfare systems in the world. During the 1890s, a Liberal government adopted many social programmes to help the poor who had suffered from a long economic depression in the 1880s. One of the most far reaching was the passing of tax legislation that made it difficult for wealthy sheep farmers to hold onto their large land holdings. This and the invention of refrigeration led to a farming revolution where many sheep farms were broken up and sold to become smaller dairy farms. This enabled thousands of new farmers to buy land and develop a new and vigorous industry that has become the backbone of
New Zealand's economy to this day. This liberal tradition flourished with increased enfranchisement for indigenous
Māori in the 1880s and women. Pensions for the elderly, the poor and war casualties followed, with State-run schools, hospitals and subsidized medical and dental care. By 1960, New Zealand was able to afford one of the best-developed and most comprehensive welfare systems in the world, supported by a well-developed and stable economy.
Norway Norway has a strong welfare state that provides a range of social services and financial assistance to its citizens. The Norwegian welfare state is based on the principles of social democracy, which means that it has a strong focus on reducing income inequality and promoting social cohesion. The Norwegian welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families.
Philippines In Philippines, social welfare is mainly provided by the Department of Social Welfare and Development (DSWD). DSWD provides social welfare such as cash assistance (ayuda) and physical goods. The
Pantawid Pamilyang Pilipino Program is one of the most well known social welfare programs by the DSWD where cash grants are given to parents and guardians in poverty to help their children continue schooling. This has assisted parents and guardians in poverty by helping them buy food and school supplies for their dependents. The Sustainable Livelihood Program (SLP) is also another social welfare program where the DSWD provides education, cash grants, or items such as vehicles and food stalls to individuals and communities to aid in their livelihoods. SLP grants are given to individuals such as street food vendors and organisations such as farmers cooperatives. DSWD also provides medical assistance for those who cannot afford the out-of-pocket cost of hospitalisation as
Philhealth's coverage usually does not cover the full expense. Other government agencies and companies also provide social welfare such as the
Philippine Charity Sweepstakes Office,
Department of Health, and offices of house representatives in their respective congressional districts.
Poland The Polish welfare state provides a range of services, including universal healthcare, free education, and a comprehensive system of social security, such as
13th pension and
14th pension. It also provides financial assistance to citizens in need through programs such as unemployment benefits, housing assistance, and social assistance for low-income families, for example
Rodzina 800 plus programme. It has undergone significant changes in recent years, including the implementation of structural reforms and the introduction of market-oriented policies, which have had an impact on the level and quality of social services provided.
Russia Sri Lanka Sri Lanka has a long history of social programmes dating back to its ancient times, deep-rooted in the island's Buddhist culture. Modern social welfare legislation dates back to the
Donoughmore Constitution.
South Africa South Korea South Korean social security system and welfare is based on the right to social security stipulated in the
Constitution of the Republic of Korea and the social security-related laws based on this right. The country divides its social security system into three main systems: social insurance, social assistance, and social welfare services. Employment insurance began in 1995 and became applicable to all workers in 1998, with contributions split equally between employers and insured workers.
Spain Welfare in Spain is characterized by a Mediterranean
Welfare state model based on three pillars: education, health, and pensions. As in most European countries, in Spain the Welfare State is a great achievement for its society since the State guarantees protection to all people who may find themselves in a situation of economic difficulty or any other. The
social policies implemented by the Spanish State, as in the rest of Europe, are a set of measures and tools aimed at protecting and ensuring
basic human needs, especially in the field of education, health, and economic security. The Mediterranean
Welfare state model is found not only in Spain, but also in countries such as Italy,
Greece and
Portugal, countries in the Mediterranean region where social protection arrived late, in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. It is a model that mixes elements of the liberal (or Anglo-Saxon) and continental (or Bismarckian) welfare state. It is characterized as the welfare model with the lowest spending, with little investment in social assistance, a more fragmented social security system, and high spending on pensions, making pension benefits greater than
unemployment benefits. One of the most particular features of the Mediterranean model is the large role of the family, which combines with the market and the state in the provision of welfare. Thus, the state assumes that the family covers certain services (such as childcare or care for the elderly), which in other models would be covered by the state. As for the labor market, it is characterized by high employment protection, the persistence of gender biases and a lower dispersion of workers' wages due to the importance of trade unions in negotiations. The Spanish social welfare program can be separated into three categories or fundamental pillars: education, health, and pension system, as established in the
Spanish Constitution ratified on December 29, 1978. It relies especially on Article 27 on education, Article 41 on the social security system and Article 50 on the pension system. The beginnings of the Spanish
Welfare state date back to the last decade of dictatorship,
Francoist Spain, when it began to develop through the Social Security Law of 1963. Later, after the death of the dictator
Francisco Franco and with the arrival of democracy, it would be when the existence of public needs not covered by the State became evident, and when education, health and social services were universalized. This advance of the welfare state was also marked by the economic crisis, which led to a deterioration of the labor market and highlighted the need to increase
public spending to offer greater protection to the retired and unemployed. Social policies in Spain constitute a set of legislation, decisions and activities that seek to promote the welfare of all Spaniards and improve their quality of life, facilitating access to society's goods and resources to cover their basic needs and respond to complex situations that citizens may face. These policies are governed by the principles of equality and equity. The social policies of the Spanish State, like those of most countries in the world, are in line with the
UN Sustainable Development Goals, and, as the rest of the European Welfare States, also depend on the guidelines of a higher body, the
European Union. Among these policies are those oriented towards
healthcare, social welfare policies to prevent and end poverty, free education, social security policies, security and justice policies or access to housing. Free public health care policies are aimed at improving people's living conditions and provide the medical and pharmaceutical services necessary to protect and restore the health of the insured. Health care is one of the benefits universally recognized for all citizens. Education is another of the pillars of Spanish welfare. Educational policies are focused on guaranteeing access to the entire population, without any kind of discrimination, to free and compulsory general
basic education from the age of 6 to 16. After that, citizens can also have free access to high school and vocational training. University studies, although not free, are also financed by the Spanish State. The educational model has a
decentralized character and the competences, functions, services, and resources in the field of education have been transferred from the central government to the different
Spanish autonomous communities in both university and non-university matters. Finally, the third pillar of the Spanish welfare state is the
pension system. The Spanish pension system includes a wide variety of pensions including
widow's pensions, contributory pensions, and non-contributory pensions. The
widow's pension covers people who suffer the death of their spouse. Contributory pensions are transfers from the state that depend on the worker's previous contribution and vary according to the number of years worked and the worker's contribution. Non-contributory pensions, on the other hand, have a welfare character and cover people for
disability or retirement (if they have not contributed enough to qualify for a contributory pension). This public pension model is often supported by a private dimension formed by pension plans to which workers contribute a percentage of their salary during their working life, to receive a larger pension during their retirement. In Spain, the
welfare state is considered to be very scarce and less developed, especially compared to the
European Union average, where social policies and the
welfare state are strongly developed. Spain lags behind EU values in social protection spending measured both as a percentage of GDP and in absolute terms and in the proportion of adults working in
state services. However,
public spending in general, compared to the rest of the world, is very high. Moreover, the Spanish
welfare state is polarized, which means that the higher income groups use private services (especially in health and education), while the lower income groups use public services. The Spanish state's low investment in public spending affects the quality of its services. As for
healthcare, almost all healthcare competencies have been transferred from the State to the
Autonomous Communities. Public health spending is below the average of the
European Union, in 2020 it was around 8% of GDP or €1907 per capita, while the
European Union average stood at €2,244 per capita. It is even more worrying when the spending figure is separated between what is invested in
healthcare as such and what is invested in the
pharmaceutical industry. This ends up causing a great lack of resources and deficiencies in the
Spanish healthcare system, such as long waiting lists, even for life-threatening operations, scarce
primary care, etc. These deficiencies have accentuated the
polarization of the Welfare State and have made the private sector acquire great importance in Spanish
healthcare, becoming more similar to the healthcare systems in Latin America than in Europe. Education is another of the pillars that support the Spanish
Welfare state, but it also has a polarizing character in society. The low state investment in public education has led to an increase in the number of private and charter schools that have greater resources and create inequality in basic compulsory education.
Sub-Saharan Africa Sweden Social welfare in Sweden is made up of several organizations and systems dealing with welfare. It is mostly funded by taxes, and executed by the
public sector on all levels of government as well as private organizations. It can be separated into three parts falling under three different ministries; social welfare, falling under the responsibility of
Ministry of Health and Social Affairs; education, under the responsibility of the
Ministry of Education and Research and labor market, under the responsibility of
Ministry of Employment. Government pension payments are financed through an 18.5% pension tax on all taxed incomes in the country, which comes partly from a tax category called a public pension fee (7% on
gross income), and 30% of a tax category called employer fees on salaries (which is 33% on a netted income). Since January 2001, the 18.5% is divided in two parts: 16% goes to current payments, and 2.5% goes into
individual retirement accounts, which were introduced in 2001. Money saved and invested in government funds, and
IRAs for future pension costs, are roughly five times annual government pension expenses (725/150). Viewing Swedish welfare more broadly, it emerges as highly rated in many standard international comparisons of welfare or well-being (e.g. World Economic Forum 2020). However, some Nordic-based welfare and gender researchers have argued that such assessments, based on conventional welfare/well-being criteria, may to some extent over-privilege Sweden (and other Nordic countries) in terms of, for instance, gender and racial equality. For example, they suggest that if one takes a broader perspective on well-being incorporating issues associated with bodily integrity or bodily citizenship (Pringle 2011), then some major forms of men's domination and/or white privilege can be seen to still stubbornly persist in the Nordic countries, e.g. business, violence to women, sexual violence to children, the military, academia and religion (Hearn and Pringle 2006; Hearn et al. 2018; Pringle 2016).
United Kingdom ;UK Government welfare expenditure 2011–12: •
State pension (46.32%) •
Housing Benefit (10.55%) •
Disability Living Allowance (7.87%) •
Pension Credit (5.06%) •
Income Support (4.31%) •
Rent rebates (3.43%) •
Attendance Allowance (3.31%) •
Jobseeker's Allowance (3.06%) •
Incapacity Benefit (3.06%) •
Council Tax Benefit (3%) • Other (10.03%) The United Kingdom has a long history of welfare, notably including the
English Poor laws which date back to 1536. After various reforms to the program, which involved
workhouses, it was eventually abolished and replaced with a modern system by laws such as the
National Assistance Act 1948 (
11 & 12 Geo. 6. c. 29). In more recent times, comparing the
Cameron–Clegg coalition's
austerity measures with
the Opposition's, the
Financial Times commentator
Martin Wolf commented that the "big shift from Labour... is the cuts in welfare benefits." The government's austerity programme, which involves reduction in government policy, has been linked to a rise in food banks. A study published in the
British Medical Journal in 2015 found that each one percentage point increase in the rate of
Jobseeker's Allowance claimants sanctioned was associated with a 0.09 percentage point rise in food bank use. The austerity programme has faced opposition from disability rights groups for disproportionately affecting disabled people. The
"bedroom tax" is an austerity measure that has attracted particular criticism, with activists arguing that two-thirds of council houses affected by the policy are occupied with a person with a disability.
United States signs the
Social Security Act, 14 August 1935. In the United States, depending on the context, the term "welfare" can be used to refer to
means-tested cash benefits, especially the
Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program and its successor, the
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families block grants, or it can be used to refer to all means-tested programs that help individuals or families meet basic needs, including, for example, health care through
Medicaid,
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) benefits and
food and nutrition programs (SNAP). It can also include
social insurance programs such as
unemployment insurance,
Social Security, and
Medicare. AFDC (originally called Aid to Dependent Children) was created during the Great Depression to alleviate the burden of poverty for families with children and allow widowed mothers to maintain their households. The New Deal employment program such as the
Works Progress Administration primarily served men. Prior to the New Deal,
anti-poverty programs were primarily operated by private charities or state or local governments; however, these programs were overwhelmed by the depth of need during the Depression. In 1964 blacks comprised about 27% of the people in photographs in the three weekly news magazines. By 1967 the proportion jumped to 72%. then
TANF) per recipient 1962–2006 (in 2006 dollars) In 1996, the
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act changed the structure of Welfare payments and added new criteria to states that received Welfare funding. After reforms that President Clinton said would "end Welfare as we know it", amounts from the federal government were given out in a
flat rate per state based on population. Each state must meet certain criteria to ensure recipients are being encouraged to work themselves out of Welfare. The new program is called
Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). It encourages states to require some sort of employment search in exchange for providing funds to individuals, and imposes a five-year lifetime limit on cash assistance. In FY 2010, 31.8% of TANF families were White, 31.9% were African-American, and 30.0% were Hispanic. up from 14.3% (approximately 43.6 million) in 2009 and to its highest level since 1993. In 2008, 13.2% (39.8 million) Americans lived in relative poverty. In a 2011 op-ed in
Forbes, Peter Ferrara stated that, "The best estimate of the cost of the 185 federal means tested Welfare programs for 2010 for the federal government alone is nearly $700billion, up a third since 2008, according to the Heritage Foundation. Counting state spending, total Welfare spending for 2010 reached nearly $900billion, up nearly one-fourth since 2008 (24.3%)." California, with 12% of the U.S. population, has one-third of the nation's welfare recipients. The United States has also typically relied on charitable giving through non-profit agencies and fundraising instead of direct monetary assistance from the government itself. According to Giving USA, Americans gave $358.38billion to charity in 2014. This is rewarded by the United States government through tax credits for individuals and companies that are not typically seen in other countries. Since these per capita charity sums are much higher than in all other countries, this means that private people and companies have a strong say in how social assistance is carried out. This means that public funds in the form of unpaid taxes are distributed according to less professional, less objective, and less unbiased criteria than in all other countries. ==Effects==