The Qing rule over Tibet was established after a
Qing expedition forces defeated the
Dzungars who occupied Tibet until 1720. The Qing rule lasted until the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1912. The Qing emperors appointed imperial residents known as the
Ambans to Tibet, who commanded over 2,000 troops stationed in
Lhasa and reported to the
Lifan Yuan, a Qing government agency that oversaw the region during this period. During this era, the region was dominated by the
Dalai Lamas with the support from the
Qing dynasty established by the
Manchus in China. between the Qing dynasty and
Dzungar Khanate Qing rule Qing conquest The
Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty sent an expedition army to Tibet in response to the occupation of Tibet by the forces of the
Dzungar Khanate, together with Tibetan forces under
Polhanas (also spelled Polhaney) of Tsang and
Kangchennas (also spelled Gangchenney), the governor of Western Tibet, they expelled the Dzungars from Tibet in 1720. In 1720,
Emperor Kangxi wrote an imperial edict for Imperial Stele Inscriptions of the Pacification of Tibet, and
Xizang (Chinese:西藏) was officially used to designate the region, the Tibetan term for Xizang is
Bod, the Manchu term for Xizang is
Wargi Dzang, and the Mongol term for Xizang is
Töbed. In 1724, after the Thirteen Articles for the Settlement of Qinghai Affairs (Chinese: 青海善后事宜十三条) were poposed to
Emperor Yongzheng, the borders between
Tibet,
Qinghai,
Sichuan and
Yunnan were demarcated and determined. The Qing brought Kelzang Gyatso with them from
Kumbum to Lhasa and he was installed as the 7th Dalai Lama. In 1721, the Qing established a government in Lhasa consisting of a council (the
Kashag) of three Tibetan ministers, headed by Kangchennas. The Dalai Lama's role at this time was purely symbolic, but still highly influential because of the Mongols' religious beliefs. After the succession of the
Yongzheng Emperor in 1722, a series of reductions of Qing forces in Tibet occurred. However, Lhasa nobility who had been allied with the Dzungars killed Kangchennas and took control of Lhasa in 1727, and Polhanas fled to his native
Ngari. Qing troops arrived in Lhasa in September, and punished the anti-Qing faction by executing entire families, including women and children. The Dalai Lama was sent to
Lithang Monastery in Kham. The Panchen Lama was brought to Lhasa and was given temporal authority over Tsang and Ngari, creating a territorial division between the two high lamas that was to be a long lasting feature of Chinese policy toward Tibet. Two
ambans were established in Lhasa, with increased numbers of Qing troops. Over the 1730s, Qing troops were again reduced, and Polhanas gained more power and authority. The Dalai Lama returned to Lhasa in 1735, temporal power remained with Polhanas. The Qing found Polhanas to be a loyal agent and an effective ruler over a stable Tibet, so he remained dominant until his death in 1747. At multiple places such as Lhasa, Batang, Dartsendo, Lhari, Chamdo, and Litang,
Green Standard Army troops were garrisoned throughout the Dzungar war. Green Standard Army troops and Manchu Bannermen were both part of the Qing force who fought in Tibet in the war against the Dzungars. It was said that the Sichuan commander Yue Zhongqi (a descendant of
Yue Fei) entered Lhasa first when the 2,000 Green Standard soldiers and 1,000 Manchu soldiers of the "Sichuan route" seized Lhasa. According to Mark C. Elliott, after 1728 the Qing used Green Standard Army troops to man the garrison in Lhasa rather than
Bannermen. According to Evelyn S. Rawski both Green Standard Army and Bannermen made up the Qing garrison in Tibet. According to Sabine Dabringhaus, Green Standard Chinese soldiers numbering more than 1,300 were stationed by the Qing in Tibet to support the 3,000-strong Tibetan army. The Qing had made the region of
Amdo and
Kham into the province of
Qinghai in 1724, and incorporated eastern
Kham into neighbouring Chinese provinces in 1728. The Qing government sent a resident commissioner (
amban) to Lhasa. Polhanas' son
Gyurme Namgyal took over upon his father's death in 1747. The
ambans became convinced that he was going to lead a rebellion, so they killed him. News of the incident leaked out and
a riot broke out in the city, the mob avenged the regent's death by killing the
ambans. The Dalai Lama stepped in and restored order in Lhasa. The
Qianlong Emperor (Yongzheng's successor) sent Qing forces to execute Gyurme Namgyal's family and seven members of the group that killed the
ambans. The Emperor re-organized the Tibetan government (
Kashag) again, nominally restoring temporal power to the Dalai Lama, but in fact consolidating power in the hands of the (new)
ambans.
Expansion of control over Tibet , in the presence of Ambans around 1808 The defeat of the 1791 Nepalese invasion increased the Qing's control over Tibet. From that moment, all important matters were to be submitted to the
ambans. It strengthened the powers of the
ambans. The
ambans were elevated above the Kashag and the regents in responsibility for Tibetan political affairs. The Dalai and Panchen Lamas were no longer allowed to petition the Qing Emperor directly but could only do so through the
ambans. The
ambans took control of Tibetan frontier defense and foreign affairs. The
ambans were put in command of the Qing garrison and the Tibetan army (whose strength was set at 3,000 men). Trade was also restricted and travel could be undertaken only with documents issued by the
ambans. The
ambans were to review all judicial decisions. However, according to Warren Smith, these directives were either never fully implemented, or quickly discarded, as the Qing were more interested in a symbolic gesture of authority than actual sovereignty. In 1841, the
Hindu Dogra dynasty attempted to establish their authority on
Ü-Tsang but were defeated in the
Sino-Sikh War (1841–1842). In the mid-19th century, arriving with Amban
Qishan, a community of Chinese troops from Sichuan who married Tibetan women settled down in the Lubu neighborhood of Lhasa, where their descendants established a community and assimilated into Tibetan culture. Hebalin was the location of where Chinese Muslim troops and their offspring lived, while Lubu was the place where Han Chinese troops and their offspring lived.
European influences in Tibet with most present-day ethnic Tibetan
Autonomous Prefectures part of then ethnic Han-Mongol dominated area. Bhutan and Sikkim later gains independence and Sikkim was subsequently incorporated into India in May. The entire Assam and Ladakh were merged into the
British Raj. The first Europeans to arrive in Tibet were
Portuguese missionaries who first arrived in 1624 led by
António de Andrade. They were welcomed by the Tibetans who allowed them to build a
church. The 18th century brought more
Jesuits and
Capuchins from Europe. They gradually met opposition from Tibetan
lamas who finally expelled them from Tibet in 1745. Other visitors included, in 1774 a Scottish nobleman,
George Bogle, who came to
Shigatse to investigate trade for the
British East India Company, introducing the first potatoes into Tibet. After 1792 Tibet, under Chinese influence, closed its borders to Europeans and during the 19th century only 3 Westerners, the Englishman
Thomas Manning and 2 French missionaries
Huc and
Gabet, reached Lhasa, although a number were able to travel in the Tibetan periphery. During the 19th century the
British Empire was encroaching from northern India into the
Himalayas and
Afghanistan and the
Russian Empire of the
tsars was expanding south into Central Asia. Each power became suspicious of intent in Tibet. But Tibet attracted the attention of many explorers. In 1840,
Sándor Kőrösi Csoma arrived in Darjeeling, hoping that he would be able to trace the origin of the
Magyar ethnic group, but died before he was able to enter Tibet. In 1865 Great Britain secretly began mapping Tibet. Trained Indian surveyor-spies disguised as
pilgrims or traders, called
pundits, counted their strides on their travels across Tibet and took readings at night.
Nain Singh, the most famous, measured the
longitude,
latitude and altitude of
Lhasa and traced the
Yarlung Tsangpo River.
British expedition to Tibet in 1910 At the beginning of the 20th century the
British and
Russian Empires were
competing for supremacy in Central Asia. Unable to establish diplomatic contacts with the Tibetan government, and concerned about reports of their dealings with Russia, in 1903–04, a British expedition led by
Colonel Francis Younghusband was sent to Lhasa to force a trading agreement and to prevent Tibetans from establishing a relationship with the Russians. In response, the
Qing foreign ministry asserted that China was sovereign over Tibet, the first clear statement of such a claim. Before the British expedition arrived in Lhasa, the 13th Dalai Lama fled to
Outer Mongolia, and then went to Beijing in 1908. The British expedition was one of the triggers for the
1905 Tibetan Rebellion at Batang monastery, when anti-foreign Tibetan
lamas massacred French missionaries, Manchu and Han Qing officials, and Christian converts before Qing forces crushed the revolt. The Anglo-Tibetan
Treaty of Lhasa of 1904 was followed by the
Sino-British treaty of 1906. Beijing agreed to pay London 2.5 million rupees which Lhasa was forced to agree upon in the Anglo-Tibetan treaty of 1904. In 1907, Britain and Russia agreed that in "conformity with the admitted principle of the
suzerainty of China over Tibet" both nations "engage not to enter into negotiations with Tibet except through the intermediary of the Chinese Government." on a
punitive expedition. His troops destroyed a number of monasteries in
Kham and
Amdo, and a process of sinification of the region was begun. The Dalai Lama once again fled, this time to India, and was once again deposed by the Chinese. The situation was soon to change, however, as, after the fall of the Qing dynasty in October 1911, Zhao's soldiers mutinied and beheaded him. All remaining Qing forces left Tibet after the
Xinhai Lhasa turmoil. ==
De facto independence (1912–1951)==