Western Armenian

Western Armenian is an Indo-European language belonging to the Armenic branch of the family, alongside Eastern and Classical Armenian. According to Glottolog, Antioch, Artial, Asia Minor, Bolu, Hamshenic, Kilikien, Mush-Tigranakert, Stanoz, Vanic and Yozgat are the main dialects of Western Armenian. Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian are, for the most part, mutually intelligible for educated or literate users of the other, while illiterate or semiliterate users of lower registers of each one may have difficulty understanding the other variant. ==Speakers==

Western Armenian is spoken by Armenians of most of the Southeastern Europe and Middle East except for Iran, and Rostov-on-Don in Russia. It is a moribund language spoken by only a small percentage of Armenians in Turkey (especially in Istanbul) as a first language, with 18 percent among the community in general and 8 percent among younger people. There are notable diaspora L2 Western Armenian speakers in Lebanon (Beirut), Syria (Aleppo, Damascus), California (Fresno, Los Angeles), and France (Marseilles). Western Armenian used to be the dominant Armenian variety, but as a result of the Armenian genocide, the speakers of Western Armenian were mostly murdered or exiled. Those who fled to Eastern Armenia now speak either Eastern Armenian or have a diglossic situation between Western Armenian dialects in informal usage and an Eastern Armenian standard. The only Western Armenian dialect still spoken in Western Armenia is the Homshetsi dialect, since the Hemshin peoples, who were Muslim converts, did not fall victim to the Armenian genocide. Western Armenian isn't just predominant for Armenians in the Middle East, the Armenians living in Southeastern Europe/Balkans, mostly Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, and Turkey (Istanbul) are Western Armenian speakers, who immigrated of the Armenian Genocide. Historically there was presence of Western Armenians (Cilicians) in Moldova. On 21 February 2009, International Mother Language Day, a new edition of the ''Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger'' was released by UNESCO in which the Western Armenian language in Turkey was defined as a definitely endangered language. == Modern day speakers ==

In modern day Armenia, the city of Gyumri took host to large numbers of Armenian refugees fleeing the Ottoman Empire from the Armenian Genocide. Many of these people spoke the Karin dialect of Armenian, which is spoken in Gyumri but overtime many Eastern Armenian and Russian words have been borrowed into the dialect. There was also a wave of Armenians coming from the Middle East who were Western Armenian, who moved to the Soviet Union, mostly in Soviet Armenia. Many have assimilated into the Eastern Armenian dialect. Endangerment and controversy With Western Armenian being declared an endangered language, there has been recent pushback on reviving the language in Los Angeles, which is home to the largest concentration of Western Armenians. Shushan Karapetian, in her evaluation of both the Eastern and Western dialects of Armenian, concludes that heritage languages, in the face of an English dominant society, rapidly die out within no more than 2 generations, calling America a "linguistic graveyard." In US census data, the percentage of people of Armenian ancestry who speak Western Armenian at home has rapidly declined, down from 25% in 1980 to 16% in 2000. ==Phonology==

Vowels Monophthongs Western Armenian has seven monophthongs. ⟨իւ⟩ /ʏ/ is sometimes realized as /ju/ in nonstandard speech. The cluster թիւն /tʏn/ also shows phonetic variation, even in formal speech, with pronunciations ranging from /t͡ʃ(j)un/ and /tjun/ to /t͡ʃʏn/ and /tʏn/. Diphthongs Western Armenian has nine vowel sequences in which two vowels appear together in the orthography but belong to the same syllable, forming diphthongs. The letter ⟨ե⟩ frequently participates in diphthongs, representing sounds such as /jɑ/ and /jo/. When word-initial, ⟨ե⟩ alone denotes /jɛ/. The letter ⟨յ⟩ functions as a postvocalic glide, marking /j/ following vowels. The cluster ⟨իյ⟩ /ij/ (e.g. in իյնալ /ijˈnɑl/) has generally merged with ⟨ի⟩ /i/ through glide loss, resulting in a phonemic merger of /ij/ with /i/. In some cases, vowel sequences span syllable or morpheme boundaries rather than forming true diphthongs; in those environments, glide formation (yod insertion) is expected. Consonants This is the Western Armenian Consonantal System using letters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), followed by the corresponding Armenian letter in brackets. The in Armenian is rare and exclusively used in non-native words; the letter "ֆ" was added to the alphabet much later. The glide is not used except for foreign proper nouns, like Washington (by utilizing the "u" vowel, Armenian "ու"). == Phonological differences with Classical Armenian ==

Stop and Affricate System The primary phonological difference between Western Armenian and Classical Armenian lies in the stop and affricate system. Classical Armenian distinguished three series of stops and affricates: voiced, voiceless unaspirated (plain), and voiceless aspirated. Western Armenian reduced this to a two-way contrast: voiced vs. aspirated. As a result, Classical Armenian's voiced series became aspirated in Western Armenian, while its plain voiceless series became voiced. In comparison, Eastern Armenian fully preserves this contrast. Example: Classical Armenian /d͡ʒur/ "water" (⟨ջուր⟩) became Western Armenian /t͡ʃur/ (⟨ջուր⟩). Words such as [kʰaɾ] "stone" (⟨քար⟩) remain phonetically similar in both stages. Other phonological differences ==Orthography==

Western Armenian uses Classical Armenian orthography, also known as Mashdotsian orthography. The Armenian orthography reform (commonly called Abeghian orthography), first introduced in the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic and used by most Eastern Armenian speakers from Armenia, has not been adopted by Eastern Armenian speakers of Iran and their diaspora or by speakers of Western Armenian, with the exception of periodicals published in Romania and Bulgaria under Communist regimes. ==Morphology==

Nouns Armenian lacks grammatical gender, including in pronouns. A feminine suffix -ուհի /uhi/ exists but carries no grammatical effect. Western Armenian nouns have four grammatical cases: nominative-accusative (subject / direct object), genitive-dative (possession / indirect object), ablative (origin) and instrumental (means). Except for personal pronouns, the nominative and accusative are the same, and the genitive and dative are the same, meaning that nouns have four distinct forms for case. Nouns in Armenian also decline for number (singular and plural). They are pluralized with the suffixes -եր /ɛr/ or -ներ /nɛr/, which are generally not interchangeable and follow predictable attachment patterns. Two other plural suffixes, -ք /k/ and -ց /t͡s/, inherited from Classical Armenian, both survive in a small set of nouns. For example, տղայ /dəˈʁɑ/ "boy" forms the plural տղաք /dəˈʁɑk/ "boys," and տիկին /diˈgin/ "madam" forms տիկնա(ն)ց /diˈgna(n)t͡s/ "madams." Such nouns may follow regular pluralization. Declension in Armenian is based on how the genitive is formed. There are several declensions, the first three (genitive in i, u, and a respectively) being the most common. The genitive in i, however, is the most common, while other forms are in gradual decline and are being replaced by the i-form, which has virtually attained the status of a regular form. The plural is consistent across almost all declensions. • Extremely rare. Which case the direct object takes is split based on animacy (a phenomenon more generally known as differential object marking). Inanimate nouns generally take the nominative-accusative, while animate nouns generally take the genetive-dative. • Ես խնձորը կերայ /ˈjɛs χənˈt͡sorə gɛˈrɑ/ – "I ate the apple (Nom-Acc)." • Ես մարդուն տեսայ /ˈjɛs mɑrˈtun dɛˈsɑ/ – "I saw the man (Gen-Dat)." Other rare declensional forms are also found, though they have almost completely fallen out of use. Articles Indefinite Article The indefinite article in Western Armenian is մը /mə/, and it follows the noun: • Աթոռ մը /ɑˈtor mə/ – "a chair" (Nom. sg.) • Աթոռի մը /ɑˈtori mə/ – "of a chair" (Gen. sg.) When followed by ալ ("also, too") or by the present/imperfect forms of եմ ("to be"), the article takes the form մըն /mən/: • Գիրք մը /ˈkirk mə/ – "a book" • Ասիկա գիրք մըն է /ɑsiga ˈkirk mən ɛ/ – "This is a book." • Գիրք մըն ալ /ˈkirk mən ˈɑl/– "A book as well." Definite Article The definite article is a suffix attached directly to the noun. It appears either as -ն /n/ after vowels or -ը /ə/ after consonants: • Գիրքը /ˈkirkə/ – "the book" (Nom. sg.) • Գարին /kɑˈrin/ – "the barley" (Nom. sg.) When the noun is immediately followed by ալ, ու ("and"), or by a form of եմ ("to be"), the -ն form is used regardless of final sound: • Աս գիրքն է /ɑs ˈkirk(ə)n ɛ/ – "This is the book." • Բարին ու չարը /pɑˈrin u ˈt͡ʃɑrə/ – "The good and the bad." • Ինքն ալ /ˈiŋk(ə)n ɑl/– "He/She too." Adjectives Adjectives in Western Armenian are invariable: they do not decline for case or number and always precede the noun: • լաւ մարդը /lɑv ˈmartə/ – "the good man" (Nom. sg.) • լաւ մարդուն /lɑv marˈtun/ – "to the good man" (Gen. sg.) Personal pronouns In informal Western Armenian, the accusative case occasionally merges with the dative, so the same form is used for both. Speech that preserves the distinct accusative forms is considered more formal or prestigious. The genitive case also sometimes merges with the dative. For instance, ինծի է (literally "to me it is") is used to mean "it's mine." This is often seen as a mistake in formal Armenian, despite how common it is. Demonstrative pronouns The primary distinction among proximal, medial, and distal demonstrative pronouns lies in the initial consonants ս (s), տ (d), and ն (n). Relative pronouns The accusative case is hardly seen in both formal and informal speech; similar to the personal pronouns, it has merged with the genitive/dative. == Verbs ==

Armenian verbs are fully conjugated for all pronouns, making the language pro-drop. Verbs in Armenian are based on two basic series of forms, a "present" form and an "imperfect" form. From this, all other tenses and moods are formed with various particles and constructions. There is a third form, the preterite, which in Armenian is a tense in its own right, and takes no other particles or constructions. The present tense in Western Armenian is based on three conjugations (a, e, i): The present tense is made by adding the particle կը (gə) before the "present" form, except for five defective verbs: եմ (em: I am), կամ (gam: I exist, I'm there), ունիմ (unim: I have), գիտեմ (kidem: I know), կրնամ (gərnam: I can). The future tense is formed by adding պիտի (bidi), often shortened to պիտ (bid) in rapid speech. • Ես գիրքը կը կարդամ /ˈjɛs kirˈkə gə gɑrˈtɑm/ – "I am reading the book" or "I read the book." • Ես գիրքը պիտի կարդամ /ˈjɛs kirˈkə biˈdi gɑrˈtɑm/ – "I will read the book." For defective verbs, the future tense is formed as follows: ըլլամ (used for both եմ and կամ), ունենամ, գիտնամ, and կարենամ/կրնամ, respectively. In the vernacular language, the particle կոր /gor/ (< Turkish -iyor) is added after the verb to indicate present progressive tense. This distinction is not made in literary Armenian. • Ես գիրքը կը կարդամ կոր /ˈjɛs kirˈkə gə gɑrˈtɑm ˈgor/ – "I am reading the book." ==Notes==