Display resolution standards

. The favored aspect ratio of mass-market display industry products has changed gradually from 4:3, then to 16:10, then to 16:9, and has now changed to 18:9 for smartphones. The 4:3 aspect ratio generally reflects older products, especially the era of the cathode ray tube (CRT). The 16:10 aspect ratio had its largest use in the 1995–2010 period, and the 16:9 aspect ratio tends to reflect post-2010 mass-market computer monitor, laptop, and entertainment products displays. On CRTs, there was often a difference between the aspect ratio of the computer resolution and the aspect ratio of the display causing non-square pixels (e.g. or on a 4:3 display). The 4:3 aspect ratio was common in older television cathode ray tube (CRT) displays, which were not easily adaptable to a wider aspect ratio. When good quality alternate technologies (i.e., liquid crystal displays (LCDs) and plasma displays) became more available and less costly, around the year 2000, the common computer displays and entertainment products moved to a wider aspect ratio, first to the 16:10 ratio. The 16:10 ratio allowed some compromise between showing older 4:3 aspect ratio broadcast TV shows, but also allowing better viewing of widescreen movies. However, around the year 2005, home entertainment displays (i.e., TV sets) gradually moved from 16:10 to the 16:9 aspect ratio, for further improvement of viewing widescreen movies. By about 2007, virtually all mass-market entertainment displays were 16:9. In 2011, (Full HD, the native resolution of Blu-ray) was the favored resolution in the most heavily marketed entertainment market displays. The next standard, (4K UHD), was first sold in 2013. Also in 2013, displays with (aspect ratio 64:27 or 2., however commonly referred to as "21:9" for easy comparison with 16:9) appeared, which closely approximate the common CinemaScope movie standard aspect ratio of 2.35–2.40. In 2014, "21:9" screens with pixel dimensions of (actual aspect ratio 43:18 or 2.3) became available as well. The computer display industry maintained the 16:10 aspect ratio longer than the entertainment industry, but in the 2005–2010 period, computers were increasingly marketed as dual-use products, with uses in the traditional computer applications, but also as means of viewing entertainment content. In this time frame, with the notable exception of Apple, almost all desktop, laptop, and display manufacturers gradually moved to promoting only 16:9 aspect ratio displays. By 2011, the 16:10 aspect ratio had virtually disappeared from the Windows laptop display market (although Mac laptops are still mostly 16:10, including the 15" Retina MacBook Pro and the 13" Retina MacBook Pro). One consequence of this transition was that the highest available resolutions moved generally downward (i.e., the move from laptop displays to displays). In response to usability flaws of now common 16:9 displays in office/professional applications, Microsoft and Huawei started to offer notebooks with a 3:2 aspect ratio. By 2021, Huawei also offers a monitor display offering this aspect ratio, targeted towards professional uses. == High-definition ==

All standard HD resolutions share a aspect ratio, although some derived resolutions with smaller or larger ratios also exist, e.g. and , respectively. Most of the narrower resolutions are only used for storing, not for displaying videos, while the wider resolutions are often available as physical displays. YouTube, for instance, recommends users upload videos in a 16:9 format with 240, 360, 480 (SD), 720, 1080 (HD), 1440, 2160 (4K) or 4320 (8K) lines. While the monikers for those resolutions originally all used a letter prefix with "HD" for the multiplier, and possibly a "+" suffix for intermediate or taller formats, the newer, larger formats tend to be used with "K" notation for thousands of pixels of horizontal resolution, but may be disambiguated by a system qualifier that includes "HD", e.g. "8K UHD" instead of just "8K". (qHD) :Note: qHD is quarter HD; QHD is quad HD qHD is a display resolution of pixels, which is exactly one-quarter of a Full HD (1080p) frame, in a 16:9 aspect ratio. Notably, it is neither "qFHD" nor which would be quarter of "HD" resolution (720p). Some of the few tabletop TVs to use this as its native resolution from around 2005 were the Sony XEL-1 and the Sharp Aquos P50. Sharp marketed its ED TV sets with this resolution as "PAL optimal". Similar to DVGA, this resolution became popular for high-end smartphone displays in early 2011. Mobile phones including the Jolla, Sony Xperia C, HTC Sensation, Motorola Droid RAZR, LG Optimus L9, Microsoft Lumia 535, and Samsung Galaxy S4 Mini have displays with the qHD resolution, as does the PlayStation Vita portable game system. (HD) The HD or 720p resolution of pixels stems from high-definition television (HDTV), where it originally used 50 or 60 frames per second. With its 16:9 aspect ratio, it is exactly 2 times the width and times the height of 4:3 VGA (), which shares its aspect ratio and 480 line count with NTSC. HD, therefore, has exactly 3 times as many pixels as VGA, i.e. almost 1 megapixel. In the mid-2000s, when the digital HD technology and standard debuted on the market, this type of resolution was often referred to by the branded name "HD ready" or "HDr", which had specified it as a minimum resolution for devices to qualify for the certification. However, few screens have been built that use this resolution natively. Most employ 16:9 panels with 768 lines instead (WXGA), which resulted in odd numbers of pixels per line, i.e. 1365 are rounded to 1360, 1364, 1366 or even 1376, the next multiple of 16. (HD+) The HD+ resolution of pixels in a 16:9 aspect ratio is often referred to as "900p". (FHD) FHD (Full HD) is the resolution used by the 1080p and 1080i HDTV video formats. It has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 2,073,600 total pixels, i.e. very close to 2 megapixels, and is exactly 50% larger than 720p HD () in each dimension for a total of 2.25 times as many pixels. When using interlacing, the uncompressed bandwidth requirements are similar to those of 720p at the same field rate (a 12.5% increase, as one field of 1080i video is 1,036,800 pixels, and one frame of 720p video is 921,600 pixels). Although the number of pixels is the same for 1080p and 1080i, the effective resolution is somewhat lower for the interlaced format, as it is necessary to use some vertical low-pass filtering to reduce temporal artifacts such as interline twitter. Sometimes, this resolution is referred to simply as HD. This is evident from derived terms like qHD (quarter), which have a half of the lines and columns of their common base , whereas QHD (quadruple) has double the dimensions of instead. When set in relation to higher resolutions, is also referred to as 2K because it has roughly 2000 pixels of horizontal resolution. The next bigger resolution from in vertical direction is (), which is hence called FHD+ by some producers, but is elsewhere known as WUXGA, the wider variant of UXGA. (DCI 2K) DCI 2K is a standardized format established by the Digital Cinema Initiatives consortium in 2005 for 2K video projection. This format has a resolution of (2.2 megapixels) with an aspect ratio of (1.8) or roughly "". This is the native resolution for DCI-compliant 2K digital projectors – active displays with this resolution are rare. The display aspect ratio is frequently wider than the native one, requiring non-square pixels. (UWFHD) The resolution is equivalent to Full HD () extended in width by one third, with an aspect ratio of 64:27 (2., or 21.:9). Monitors at this resolution usually contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two screens. There are other, non-standard display resolutions with 1080 lines whose aspect ratios fall between the usual and the ultra-wide , e.g. , , and . They are mostly used in smartphones or phablets and do not have established names, but may be subsumed under the umbrella term "ultra-wide (full) HD". (QHD) :Note: qHD is quarter HD; QHD is quad HD tags is transcluded into "List of monitors with QHD display" --> QHD (Quad HD) or 1440p is a display resolution of pixels. The name "QHD" reflects the fact that it has four times as many pixels as HD (720p). It is also sometimes called "WQHD"; the W is technically redundant since the HD resolutions are all widescreen, but it emphasizes the distinction between QHD and qHD (). This resolution was under consideration by the ATSC in the late 1980s to become the standard HDTV format, because it is exactly 3 times the height of SDTV NTSC television signals, with a wider aspect ratio. Pragmatic technical constraints made them choose the now well-known 16:9 formats of (1.5× NTSC/VGA height) and (2× PAL height of 540 lines) instead. In October 2006, Chi Mei Optoelectronics (CMO) announced a 47-inch 1440p LCD panel to be released in Q2 2007; the panel was planned to debut at FPD International 2008 in a form of autostereoscopic 3D display. As of the end of 2013, monitors with this resolution were becoming more common. The 27-inch version of the Apple Cinema Display monitor introduced in July 2010 has a native resolution of , as did its successor, the 27-inch Apple Thunderbolt Display. The resolution is also used in portable devices. In September 2012, Samsung announced the Series 9 WQHD laptop with a 13-inch display. In August 2013, LG announced a 5.5-inch QHD smartphone display, which was used in the LG G3. In October 2013 Vivo announced a smartphone with a display. Other phone manufacturers followed in 2014, such as Samsung with the Galaxy Note 4, and Google and Motorola with the Nexus 6 smartphone. By the mid-2010s, it was a common resolution among flagship phones such as the HTC 10, the Lumia 950, and the Galaxy S6 and S7. (3K) The resolution has a 16:9 aspect ratio and is exactly 2.25 times as many pixels as the Full HD resolution. It has been referred to as "3K", "WQXGA", and "WQHD+ 1620p". (QHD+) The resolution has a 16:9 aspect ratio and is exactly four times as many pixels as the HD+ resolution, and is therefore referred to as "QHD+" (Quad HD+). It has also been referred to as simply "QHD" by some companies. The first products announced to use this resolution were the 2013 HP Envy 14 TouchSmart Ultrabook and the 13.3-inch Samsung Ativ Q. (UWQHD) The resolution is equivalent to QHD () extended in width by 34%, giving it an aspect ratio of 43:18 (2.3:1, or 21.5:9; commonly marketed as simply "21:9"). The first monitor to support this resolution was the 34-inch LG 34UM95-P. This monitor was first released in Germany in late December 2013, before being officially announced at CES 2014. (DFHD) The resolution is equivalent to two Full HD () displays side by side or one vertical half of a 4K UHD () display. It has an aspect ratio of 32:9 (3.:1), close to the 3.6:1 ratio of IMAX UltraWideScreen 3.6. Samsung monitors at this resolution contain built-in firmware to divide the screen into two screens, or one and one screen. The resolution has a 12:5 aspect ratio, i.e. 2.4 or 21.6:9, which is commonly marketed as simply "21:9". It is equivalent to WQXGA () extended in width by 50%, or 4K UHD () reduced in height by 26%. This resolution is commonly encountered in cinematic 4K content that has been cropped vertically to a widescreen aspect ratio. The first monitor to support this resolution was the 37.5-inch LG 38UC99-W. Other vendors followed, with Dell U3818DW, HP Z38c, and Acer XR382CQK. This resolution has been referred to as UW4K, WQHD+, UWQHD+ or QHD+, though no single name is agreed upon. (4K UHD) The resolution , sometimes referred to as 4K UHD or 4K2K, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 8,294,400 pixels. It is double the size of Full HD () in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and triple the size of HD () in both dimensions for a total of nine times as many pixels. It is the lowest common multiple of the HDTV resolutions. was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV1 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1, as well as the 4K UHDTV system defined in ITU-R BT.2020 and the UHD-1 broadcast standard from DVB. It is also the minimum resolution requirement for CEA's definition of an Ultra HD display. Before the publication of these standards, it was sometimes casually referred to as "QFHD" (Quad Full HD). The first commercial displays capable of this resolution include an 82-inch LCD TV revealed by Samsung in early 2008, the Sony SRM-L560, a 56-inch LCD reference monitor announced in October 2009, an 84-inch display demonstrated by LG in mid-2010, and a 27.84-inch 158PPI 4K IPS monitor for medical purposes launched by Innolux in November 2010. In October 2011 Toshiba announced the REGZA 55x3, which is claimed to be the first 4K glasses-free 3D TV. DisplayPort supports at 30Hz in version 1.1 and added support for up to 75Hz in version 1.2 (2009) and 120Hz in version 1.3 (2014), while HDMI added support for at 30Hz in version 1.4 (2009) and 60Hz in version 2.0 (2013). When support for 4K at 60Hz was added in DisplayPort 1.2, no DisplayPort timing controllers (TCONs) existed which were capable of processing the necessary amount of data from a single video stream. As a result, the first 4K monitors from 2013 and early 2014, such as the Sharp PN-K321, Asus PQ321Q, and Dell UP2414Q and UP3214Q, were addressed internally as two monitors side by side instead of a single display and made use of DisplayPort's Multi-Stream Transport (MST) feature to multiplex a separate signal for each half over the connection, splitting the data between two timing controllers. Newer timing controllers became available in 2014, and after mid-2014 new 4K monitors such as the Asus PB287Q no longer rely on MST tiling technique to achieve 4K at 60Hz, instead, using the standard SST (Single-Stream Transport) approach. In 2015, Sony announced the Xperia Z5 Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K display, and in 2017 Sony announced the Xperia XZ Premium, the first smartphone with a 4K HDR display. (DCI 4K) , referred to as DCI 4K, Cinema 4K or 4K2K, is the resolution used by the 4K container format defined by the Digital Cinema Initiatives Digital Cinema System Specification, a prominent standard in the cinema industry. This resolution has an aspect ratio of 256:135 (1.8:1), and 8,847,360 total pixels. (DQHD) Ultrawide (curved) monitors with a 32:9 aspect ratio and a resolution have been referred to as Dual QHD or DQHD. It is sometimes also called "Super-Ultrawide" for marketing purposes. The resolution is equivalent to 4K UHD () extended in width by one third, giving it a 64:27 aspect ratio (2. or 21.:9, commonly marketed as simply "21:9") and 11,059,200 total pixels. It is exactly double the size of #2560x1080| in both dimensions, for a total of four times as many pixels. The first displays to support this resolution were 105-inch televisions, the LG 105UC9 and the Samsung UN105S9W. In December 2017, LG announced a 34-inch monitor, the 34WK95U, and in January 2021 the 40-inch 40WP95C. LG refers to this resolution as "5K2K WUHD". (5K) The resolution , commonly referred to as 5K or , has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 14,745,600 pixels. Although it is not established by any of the UHDTV standards, some manufacturers such as Dell have referred to it as "UHD+". It is exactly double the pixel count of QHD () in both dimensions for a total of four times as many pixels, and is one third larger than 4K UHD () in both dimensions for a total of 1. times as many pixels. The line count of 2880 is also the least common multiple of 480 and 576, the scanline count of NTSC and PAL, respectively. Such a resolution can vertically scale SD content to fit by natural numbers (6 for NTSC and 5 for PAL). Horizontal scaling of SD is always fractional (non-anamorphic: 5.33...5.47, anamorphic: 7.11...7.29). The first display with this resolution was the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K, announced on September 5, 2014. On October 16, 2014, Apple announced the iMac with Retina 5K display. DisplayPort version 1.3 added support for 5K at 60Hz over a single cable, whereas version 1.2 was only capable of 5K at 30Hz. Early 5K 60Hz displays such as the Dell UltraSharp UP2715K and HP DreamColor Z27q that lacked DisplayPort1.3 support required two DisplayPort1.2 connections to operate at 60Hz, in a tiled display mode similar to early 4K displays using DP MST. (DUHD) Ultrawide (curved) monitors with a 32:9 aspect ratio and a resolution have been referred to as Dual UHD or DUHD. This aspect ratio is sometimes also called "Super-Ultrawide" for marketing purposes. The resolution is equivalent to two Ultra HD () displays side by side or one vertical half of a 8K UHD () display. The aspect ratio of 32:9 (3.:1) is close to the 3.6:1 ratio of IMAX UltraWideScreen 3.6. The first display with this resolution was the Samsung Odyssey Neo G9 Gaming Monitor (Model Name: G95NC), announced on January 3, 2023 with world's first DisplayPort 2.1 and HDMI 2.1 support allowing it to run at 240Hz refresh rate with HDR and 30 bit/px color depth. (8K UHD) The resolution , sometimes referred to as 8K UHD, has a 16:9 aspect ratio and 33,177,600 pixels. It is exactly double the size of 4K UHD () in each dimension for a total of four times as many pixels, and Quadruple the size of Full HD () in each dimension for a total of sixteen times as many pixels. was chosen as the resolution of the UHDTV2 format defined in SMPTE ST 2036-1, DSC support was reintroduced with the publication of DisplayPort1.4 in March 2016. Using DSC, a "visually lossless" form of compression, formats up to (8K UHD) at 60Hz with HDR and 30bit/px color depth are possible without subsampling. ==Video Graphics Array (VGA and derivatives) ==

(QQVGA) Quarter-QVGA (QQVGA or qqVGA) denotes a resolution of (4:3 storage aspect ratio) or pixels, usually used in displays of handheld devices. The term Quarter-QVGA signifies a resolution of one fourth the number of pixels in a QVGA display (half the number of vertical and half the number of horizontal pixels) which itself has one fourth the number of pixels in a VGA display. There are also devices with QQVGA (5:4 storage aspect ratio). The abbreviation "qqVGA" may be used to distinguish "quarter" from "quad", just like qVGA. HQVGA (or Half-QVGA) denotes a display screen resolution of or pixels, as seen on the Game Boy Advance. (QVGA) Quarter VGA (QVGA or qVGA) is a popular term for a computer display with display resolution. QVGA displays were most often used in mobile phones, personal digital assistants (PDA), and some handheld game consoles. Often the displays are in a "portrait" orientation (i.e., taller than they are wide, as opposed to "landscape") and are referred to as . The name comes from having a quarter of the maximum resolution of the original IBM Video Graphics Array display technology, which became a de facto industry standard in the late 1980s. QVGA is not a standard mode offered by the VGA BIOS, even though VGA and compatible chipsets support a QVGA-sized Mode X. The term refers only to the display's resolution and thus the abbreviated term QVGA or Quarter VGA is more appropriate to use. QVGA resolution is also used in digital video recording equipment as a low-resolution mode requiring less data storage capacity than higher resolutions, typically in still digital cameras with video recording capability, and some mobile phones. Each frame is an image of pixels. QVGA video is typically recorded at 15 or 30 frames per second. QVGA mode describes the size of an image in pixels, commonly called the resolution; numerous video file formats support this resolution. While QVGA is a lower resolution than VGA, at higher resolutions the capital "Q" prefix commonly means "quad(ruple)" or four times higher display resolution (e.g., QXGA is four times higher resolution than XGA). To distinguish "quarter" from "quad", a small "q" is sometimes used for "quarter". Some examples of devices that use QVGA display resolution include the iPod Classic, Samsung i5500, LG Optimus L3-E400, Galaxy Fit, Y and Pocket, HTC Wildfire, Sony Ericsson Xperia X10 Mini and Mini pro and Nintendo 3DS' bottom screen. (WQVGA) Wide QVGA or WQVGA are some display resolutions having the same height in pixels as QVGA, but wider. Since QVGA is 320 pixels wide and 240 pixels high (aspect ratio of 4:3), the resolution of a WQVGA screen might be (3:2 aspect ratio), (16:10 aspect ratio), (5:3 – such as the Nintendo 3DS screen), , (≈16:9 ratio) or (18:10 aspect ratio). As with WVGA, exact ratios of n:9 are difficult because of the way VGA controllers internally deal with pixels. For instance, when using graphical combinatorial operations on pixels, VGA controllers will use 1 bit per pixel. Since bits cannot be accessed individually but by chunks of 16 or an even higher power of 2, this limits the horizontal resolution to a 16-pixel granularity, i.e., the horizontal resolution must be divisible by 16. In the case of the 16:9 ratio, with 240 pixels high, the horizontal resolution should be 240 / 9 × 16 = 426. (426), the closest multiple of 16 is 432. WQVGA has also been used to describe other resolutions with a similar height, such as or . WQVGA resolutions were commonly used in touchscreen mobile phones, such as , , and . For example, the Hyundai MB 490i, Sony Ericsson Aino and the Samsung Instinct have WQVGA screen resolutions – . Other devices such as the Apple iPod Nano also use a WQVGA screen, pixels. The Nintendo 3DS line is probably the most famous device to have a WQVGA screen. (HVGA) HVGA (Half-size VGA) screens have pixels (3:2 aspect ratio), pixels (4:3 aspect ratio), (≈16:9 aspect ratio), or pixels (8:3 aspect ratio). The former is used by a variety of PDA devices, starting with the Sony CLIÉ PEG-NR70 in 2002, and standalone PDAs by Palm. The latter was used by a variety of handheld PC devices. VGA resolution is . Examples of devices that use HVGA include the Apple iPhone (1st generation through 3GS), iPod Touch (1st Generation through 3rd), BlackBerry Bold 9000, HTC Dream, Hero, Wildfire S, LG GW620 Eve, MyTouch 3G Slide, Nokia 6260 Slide, Palm Pre, Samsung M900 Moment, Sony Ericsson Xperia X8, mini, mini pro, active and live and the Sony PlayStation Portable. Texas Instruments produces the DLP pico projector which supports HVGA resolution. HVGA was the only resolution supported in the first versions of Google Android, up to release 1.5. Other higher and lower resolutions became available starting on release 1.6, like the popular WVGA resolution on the Motorola Droid or the QVGA resolution on the HTC Tattoo. Three-dimensional computer graphics common on television throughout the 1980s were mostly rendered at this resolution, causing objects to have jagged edges on the top and bottom when edges were not anti-aliased. (VGA) Video Graphics Array (VGA) refers specifically to the display hardware first introduced with the IBM PS/2 line of computers in 1987. Through its widespread adoption, VGA has also come to mean either an analog computer display standard, the 15-pin D-subminiature VGA connector, or the 640×480| resolution itself. While the VGA resolution was superseded in the personal computer market in the 1990s and the SEGA Dreamcast in 1998, it became a popular resolution on mobile devices in the 2000s. VGA is still the universal fallback troubleshooting mode in the case of trouble with graphic device drivers in operating systems. In the field of video, the resolution of 480i supports 640 samples per line (corresponding to ) corresponding to Standard Definition (SD), in contrast to high-definition (HD) resolutions like and . (WVGA) Wide VGA or WVGA, sometimes just WGA are some display resolutions with the same 480-pixel height as VGA but wider, such as (3:2 aspect ratio), is an abbreviation for Full Wide Video Graphics Array which refers to a display resolution of pixels. is approximately the 16:9 aspect ratio of anamorphically "un-squeezed" NTSC DVD widescreen video and is considered a "safe" resolution that does not crop any of the image. It is called Full WVGA to distinguish it from other, narrower WVGA resolutions which require cropping 16:9 aspect ratio high-definition video (i.e. it is full width, albeit with a considerable reduction in size). The 854 pixel width is rounded up from 853.: :. Since a pixel must be a whole number, rounding up to 854 ensures inclusion of the entire image. is the 16:9 equivalent for NTSC (480 lines) on a display with square pixels. Plasma and other digital TV sets with this resolution were marketed as enhanced-definition television (EDTV) at the time. In 2010, mobile phones with FWVGA display resolution started to become more common. (See also: list of mobile phones with FWVGA display.) In addition, the Wii U GamePad for Nintendo's Wii U gaming console includes a 6.2-inch FWVGA display. (SVGA) Super Video Graphics Array, abbreviated to Super VGA or SVGA, abbreviated to Ultra VGA or UVGA, is a broad term that covers a wide range of computer display standards. Originally, it was an extension to the VGA standard first released by IBM in 1987. Unlike VGA – a purely IBM-defined standard – Super VGA was defined by the Video Electronics Standards Association (VESA), an open consortium set up to promote interoperability and define standards. When used as a resolution specification, in contrast to VGA or XGA for example, the term SVGA normally refers to a resolution of pixels. The marginally higher resolution is the highest 4:3 resolution that is not greater than 219 pixels while also having a horizontal dimension that is a multiple of 32 pixels. The pixel count limit enables it to fit within a framebuffer of 512KB (512 × 2 bytes), and the common multiple of 32 pixels is related to data structure alignment. For these reasons, this resolution was available on the Macintosh LC III and other systems. , (WSVGA) The wide version of SVGA is known as WSVGA (Wide Super VGA or Wide SVGA), featured on Ultra-Mobile PCs, netbooks, and tablet computers. The resolution is either (aspect ratio 16:9) or (128:75) with screen sizes normally ranging from 7 to 10 inches. It has full XGA width of 1024 pixels. Although digital broadcast content in former PAL/SECAM regions has 576 active lines, several mobile TV sets with a DVB-T2 tuner use the 600-line variant with a diameter of 7, 9 or 10 inches (18 to 26 cm). is the 16:9 equivalent for PAL (576 lines) on a display with square pixels, resulting in a pixel aspect ratio of or depending on the native resolution of PAL. DVGA (DoubleVGA) screens have pixels (3:2 aspect ratio). Both dimensions are double that of HVGA, hence the pixel count is quadrupled. Examples of devices that use DVGA include the Meizu MX mobile phone and the Apple iPhone 4 and 4S with the iPod Touch 4, where the screen is called the "Retina Display". iPhone 5 introduced a wide, 16:9 variant at pixels, which also has no official acronym. (QuadVGA) QuadVGA (also labelled as Quad VGA or Quad-VGA) is a non-standard term used to refer to a resolution of , since both sides are doubled from VGA. However, it is usually not as the abbreviation QVGA because this is strongly associated with the alternate meaning Quarter VGA (QVGA ). It is sometimes unofficially called SXGA− to avoid confusion with the SXGA standard (). Elsewhere, this 4:3 resolution was supposedly also called UVGA (Ultra VGA), or SXVGA (Super eXtended VGA). == Extended Graphics Array (XGA and derivatives) ==

(XGA) The Extended Graphics Array (XGA) or originally Extended Video Graphics Array (Extended-VGA, EVGA) is an IBM display standard introduced in 1990. Later it became the most common appellation of the • pixels in direct 16 bits-per-pixel (65,536 color) RGB hi-color and 8bit/px (256 color) palette-indexed mode. • pixels with a 16- or 256-color (4 or 8bit/px) palette, using a low frequency interlaced refresh rate. XGA-2 added a 24-bit DAC, but this was used only to extend the available master palette in 256-color mode, e.g. to allow true 256-greyscale output. Other improvements included the provision of the previously missing resolution in up to 65,536 colors, faster screen refresh rates in all modes (including non-interlace, flicker-free output for ), and improved accelerator performance and versatility. All standard XGA modes have a 4:3 aspect ratio with square pixels, although this does not hold for certain standard VGA and third-party extended modes (, ). WXGA Wide XGA (WXGA) is a set of non-standard resolutions derived from XGA () by widening it to By 2013, even this was relegated to only being used in smaller or cheaper displays (e.g. "bedroom" LCD TVs, or low-cost, large-format plasmas), cheaper laptop and mobile tablet computers, and midrange home cinema projectors, having otherwise been overtaken by higher "full HD" resolutions such as . as well as several other handheld gaming computers. Other WXGA Additionally, at least three other resolutions are sometimes labelled as WXGA: • The first variant, , (otherwise commonly described as "720p"), which offers an exact 16:9 aspect ratio with square pixels; naturally, it displays standard 720p HD video material without stretching or letterboxing and 1080i/1080p with a simple 2:3 downscale. This resolution has found some use in tablets and modern, high-pixel-density mobile phones, as well as small-format "netbook" or "ultralight" laptop computers. However, its use is uncommon in larger, mainstream devices as it has an insufficient vertical resolution for the proper use of modern operating systems such as Windows 7 whose UI design assumes a minimum of 768 lines. For certain uses such as word processing, it can even be considered a slight downgrade (reducing the number of simultaneously visible lines of text without granting any significant benefit as even 640 pixels is sufficient horizontal resolution to legibly render a full page width, especially with the addition of subpixel anti-aliasing). • Another mentionable resolution is with a 3:2 aspect ratio. • Likewise, with a 7:4 aspect ratio (similar to 16:9) is used sometimes. • Some resolution displays have also been found labeled as WXGA; and WSXGA The Standard Panels Working Group refers to the resolution as WXGA (but refers also WXGA to ). This resolution has the width of UXGA and the height of SXGA. The name WSXGA is also used to describe a resolution of , with aspect ratio 3:2 (which is between 4:3 and 16:10). The name WXGA+ has also been used to refer to a resolution of , WUXGA resolution has a total of 2,304,000 pixels. One frame of uncompressed 8BPC RGB WUXGA is 6.75MiB (6.912MB). Initially, it was available in widescreen CRTs such as the Sony GDM-FW900 and the Hewlett-Packard A7217A (introduced in 2003), and in 17-inch laptops. Most QXGA displays support . WUXGA is also available in some mobile phablet devices such as the Huawei Honor X2 Gem. (QWXGA) QWXGA The iPad (from 3rd through 6th generation and Mini 2) also have a QXGA display. (WQXGA) WQXGA (Wide Quad Extended Graphics Array) is a display resolution of pixels with a 16:10 aspect ratio. The name implies a "wide QXGA" (QXGA ) but instead WQXGA has exactly four times as many pixels as a WXGA () hence the name "Quad-WXGA" would fit but QWXGA is defined as pixels. Some manufacturers refer to this resolution as QHD+ referring to QHD (). (QHD+ is sometimes also used for the resolution (QHD+).) To obtain a vertical refresh rate higher than 40Hz with DVI, this resolution requires dual-link DVI cables and devices. To avoid cable problems monitors are sometimes shipped with an appropriate dual link cable already plugged in. Many video cards support this resolution. One feature that was unique to the 30-inch WQXGA monitors is the ability to function as the centerpiece and main display of a three-monitor array of complementary aspect ratios, with two UXGA () 20-inch monitors turned vertically on either side. The resolutions are equal, and the size of the 1600 resolution edges is within a tenth of an inch (16-inch vs. 15.89999"), presenting a "picture window view" without the extreme lateral dimensions, small central panel, asymmetry, resolution differences, or dimensional difference of other three-monitor combinations. The resulting composite image has a 3.1:1 aspect ratio. This also means one UXGA 20-inch monitor in portrait orientation can also be flanked by two 30-inch WQXGA monitors for a composite image with an 11.85:3 (79:20, 3.95:1) aspect ratio. An early consumer WQXGA monitor was the 30-inch Apple Cinema Display, unveiled by Apple in June 2004. At the time, dual-link DVI was uncommon on consumer hardware, so Apple partnered with Nvidia to develop a special graphics card that had two dual-link DVI ports, allowing simultaneous use of two 30-inch Apple Cinema Displays. The nature of this graphics card, being an add-in AGP card, meant that the monitors could only be used in a desktop computer, like the Power Mac G5, that could have the add-in card installed, and could not be immediately used with laptop computers that lacked this expansion capability. In March 2009, Apple updated several Macintosh computers with a Mini DisplayPort adapter, such as the Mac mini and iMac. These allow an external connection to a display. In 2010, WQXGA made its debut in a handful of home theater projectors targeted at the Constant Height Screen application market. Both Digital Projection Inc and projectiondesign released models based on a Texas Instruments DLP chip with a native WQXGA resolution, alleviating the need for an anamorphic lens to achieve 1:2.35 image projection. Many manufacturers have 27–30-inch models that are capable of WQXGA, albeit at a much higher price than lower resolution monitors of the same size. Several mainstream WQXGA monitors are or were available with 30-inch displays, such as the Dell 3007WFP-HC, 3008WFP, U3011, U3014, UP3017, the Hewlett-Packard LP3065, the Gateway XHD3000, LG W3000H, and the Samsung 305T. Specialist manufacturers like NEC, Eizo, Planar Systems, Barco (LC-3001), and possibly others offer similar models. As of 2016, LG Display make a 10-bit 30-inch AH-IPS panel, with wide color gamut, used in monitors from Dell, NEC, HP, Lenovo and Iiyama. Released in November 2012, Google's Nexus 10 is the first consumer tablet to feature WQXGA resolution. Before its release, the highest resolution available on a tablet was QXGA (), available on the Apple iPad 3rd and 4th generations devices. Several Samsung Galaxy tablets, including the Note 10.1 (2014 Edition), Tab S 8.4, 10.5 and TabPRO 8.4, 10.1 and Note Pro 12.2, as well as the Gigaset QV1030, also feature a WQXGA resolution display. In 2012, Apple released the 13 inch MacBook Pro with Retina Display that features a WQXGA display, and the new MacBook Air in 2018. The LG Gram 17 introduced in 2019 uses a 17-inch WQXGA display. (QSXGA) QSXGA (QUXGA) QUXGA because it has some additional lines compared to UHD (). Most display cards with a DVI connector are capable of supporting the resolution. However, the maximum refresh rate will be limited by the number of DVI links connected to the monitor. One, two, or four DVI connectors are used to drive the monitor using various tile configurations. Only the IBM T221-DG5 and IDTech MD22292B5 support the use of dual-link DVI ports through an external converter box. Many systems using these monitors use at least two DVI connectors to send video to the monitor. These DVI connectors can be from the same graphics card, different graphics cards, or even different computers. Motion across the tile boundary(ies) can show tearing if the DVI links are not synchronized. The display panel can be updated at a speed between 0Hz and 41Hz (48Hz for the IBM T221-DG5, -DGP, and IDTech MD22292B5). The refresh rate of the video signal can be higher than 41Hz (or 48Hz) but the monitor will not update the display any faster even if graphics card(s) do so. In June 2001, WQUXGA was introduced in the IBM T220 LCD monitor using a LCD panel built by IDTech. LCD displays that support WQUXGA resolution include: IBM T220, IBM T221, Iiyama AQU5611DTBK, ViewSonic VP2290, ADTX MD22292B, and IDTech MD22292 (models B0, B1, B2, B5, C0, C2). IDTech was the original equipment manufacturer which sold these monitors to ADTX, IBM, Iiyama, and ViewSonic. However, none of the WQUXGA monitors (IBM, ViewSonic, Iiyama, ADTX) are in production anymore: they had prices that were well above even the higher end displays used by graphic professionals, and the lower refresh rates, 41Hz and 48Hz, made them less attractive for many applications. == Unsystematic resolutions ==

Some hardware devices, smartphones in particular, use non-standard resolutions for their displays. Still, their aspect ratio or one of the dimensions is often derived from one of the standards. Many of them have bend edges, rounded corners, notches or islands for sensors, which may make some pixels invisible or unused. After having used VGA-based resolutions HVGA () and "Retina" DVGA () for several years in their iPhone and iPod products with a screen diagonal of 9cm or 3.5 inches, Apple started using more exotic variants when they adopted the aspect ratio to provide a consistent pixel density across screen sizes: first with the iPhone 5(c/s) and SE 1st for 10cm or 4 inch screens, and later the 1-megapixel resolution of with the iPhone 6 (s)/7/8 and SE 2nd/3rd for 12cm or 4.7 inch screens, while devices with 14cm or 5.5 inch screens used standard with the iPhone 6 (s)/7/8 Plus. Keeping the pixel density of previous models, the iPhone X (s) and 11 Pro introduced a resolution for 15cm or 5.8 inch screens, while the iPhone XS Max and 11 Pro Max introduced a resolution for 17cm or 6.5 inch screens (with a notch) all at an aspect ratio of roughly or, for marketing, . Subsequent Apple smartphones and phablets stayed with that aspect ratio but increased screen size slightly with approximately constant pixel density. The resulting resolutions have longer sides divisible by 6 and hardly rounded shorter sides: (iPhone 11, Xr), (12/13 (Pro), 14), (14 (Pro), 15 Pro), (12/13 Pro Max, 14 Plus), (14/15 Pro Max, 15 Plus). The only Apple smartphone models that shared an ultra-wide resolution with Android phones were the iPhone 12/13 Mini with . Other manufacturers have also introduced phones with irregular display resolutions and aspect ratios, such as Samsung's various "Infinity" displays with = aspect ratios (Galaxy S8/S9 and A8/A9) at resolutions of and . The resolution is used by many smartphones since 2018. It has an aspect ratio of 18:9, matching that of the Univisium film format. Other phones feature an aspect ratio with resolutions like (e.g. S10) and (S10e). Even wider resolutions with the same aspect ratio of as iPhones are (e.g. S24+) or (Poco M3). Some phones have an aspect ratio of at resolutions like (e.g. S10 Lite) and (e.g. S20). Phones with foldable displays, e.g. Samsung Galaxy Z series, usually have non-systematic resolutions and aspect ratios, which are either roughly square when folded along the longer edge (Fold) or extremely tall when folded along the smaller edge (Flip). Some air traffic control monitors use displays with a resolution of , with an aspect ratio of 1:1, and similar consumer monitors at resolution of are also available aimed primarily at productivity tasks. == See also ==