Specific Area Message Encoding

From the 1960s to the 1980s, a special feature of the NOAA Weather Radio (NWR) system was the transmission of a single attention tone prior to the broadcast of any message alerting the general public of significant weather events. This became known as the Warning Alarm Tone (WAT). Although it served NWR well, there were many drawbacks. Without staff at media facilities to manually evaluate the need to rebroadcast an NWR message using the Emergency Broadcast System (EBS), automatic rebroadcasting of all messages preceded by just the WAT was unacceptable and impractical. Even if stations and others with the need were willing to allow for this type of automatic capture, assuming the events for activation were critical, there was no way for automated equipment at the station to know when the message was complete and restore it back to normal operation. SAME had its beginnings in the early 1980s when NOAA's National Weather Service (NWS) began experimenting with system using analog tones in a dual-tone multi-frequency (DTMF) format to transmit data with radio broadcasts. In 1985, the NWS forecast offices began experimenting with placing special digital codes at the beginning and end of every message concerning life- or property-threatening weather conditions targeting a specific area. The intent of what became SAME was to ultimately transmit a code with the initial broadcast of all NWR messages. However, the roll-out moved slowly until 1995, when the U.S. Government provided the budget needed to develop the SAME technology across the entire radio network. Nationwide implementation occurred in 1997, when the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) adopted the SAME standard as part of its new Emergency Alert System (EAS). In 2003, NOAA established a SAME technology standard for weather radio receivers. The SAME technique was later adopted by the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) in 1997 for use in the EAS as well as by Environment Canada for its Weatheradio Canada service in 2004. Much like the original EBS dual-tone , this produces a distinct sound (the ) which is easily recognized by most individuals due to its use in weekly and monthly broadcast tests, as well as weather alert messages. During the said events, viewers and/or listeners will hear these digital codes in the form of buzzes, chirps, and clicking sounds (colloquially known as "duck farts" by broadcast engineers) just before the attention signal is sent out and at the conclusion of the voice message. ==Format of digital parts==

In the SAME system, messages are constructed in four parts, the first and last of which are digital and the middle two are audio. The digital sections of a SAME message are AFSK data bursts, with individual bits lasting 1920 μs (1.92 ms) each, giving a bit rate of 520 bits per second. A mark bit is four complete cycles of a sine wave, translating to a mark frequency of 2083 Hz, and a space bit is three complete sine wave cycles, making the space frequency 1562.5 Hz. The data is sent isochronously and encoded in 8-bit bytes with the most-significant bit of each ASCII byte set to zero. The least-significant bit of each byte is transmitted first, including the preamble. The data stream is bit and byte synchronized on the preamble. Since there is no error correction, the digital part of a SAME message is transmitted three times, so that decoders can pick "best two out of three" for each byte, thereby eliminating most errors which can cause an activation to fail. ==Header format==

The text of the header code is a fixed format: ZCZC-ORG-EEE-PSSCCC+TTTT-JJJHHMM-LLLLLLLL- This is broken down as follows: • A preamble of binary 10101011 (0xAB in hex, character "«" in latin1/Unicode) repeated sixteen times, used for "receiver calibration" (i.e., clock synchronization), then the letters as an attention to the decoder (a message activation method inherited from NAVTEX). • ORGOriginator code; programmed per unit when put into operation • PEPNational Public Warning System (Previously known as "Primary Entry Point System". It will be FEMA for National Tests through the Legacy format instead of IPAWS.) • President or other authorized national officials • CIVCivil authorities • i.e. Governor, state or local emergency management, local police or fire officials • WXRNational Weather Service (or Environment Canada.) • Any weather-related alert • EASEAS Participant (or Broadcast station or cable system) • Broadcasters. Generally only used with test messages. • EANEmergency Action Notification Network (No longer used after 2010.) • Used to send Emergency Action Notifications. (No longer used, replaced by PEP.) • EEEEvent code; programmed at time of event • PSSCCCLocation codes (up to 31 location codes per message), each beginning with a dash character; programmed at time of event • In the United States, the first digit (P) is zero if the entire county or area is included in the warning, otherwise, it is a non-zero number depending on the cardinal location of the emergency within the area. The remaining five digits are the FIPS state (SS) and county code (CCC). The entire state may be specified by using county code 000 (three zeros). • In Canada, all six digits make up a Canadian Location Code, which corresponds to a specific forecast region as used by the Meteorological Service of Canada. All forecast region numbers are six digits with the first digit always zero. • TTTTPurge time of the alert event (from exact time of issue) • In the format hhmm, using 15-minute increments up to one hour, using 30-minute increments up to six hours, and using hourly increments beyond six hours. Weekly and monthly tests sometimes have a 12-hour or greater purge time to assure users have an ample opportunity to verify reception of the test event messages; however; 15 minutes is more common, especially on NOAA Weather Radio's tests. • For short term events (like a tornado) this value could be set to 0000 (four zeros), which will purge the warning immediately after the message has been received. However, this is not typical, and FCC guidelines suggest a minimum of 15 minutes purge time. • The purge time is not intended to coincide with the actual end of the event. Longer events that may not end for days (like hurricanes) may have a purge time of only a few hours. That an event message has been purged does not indicate or imply that the threat has passed. In summer of 2023, the National Weather Service changed the maximum purge time for alerts on NOAA Weather Radio from 6 hours to 99.5 hours to address long duration events purging before the event begins. • JJJHHMMExact time of issue, in UTC, (without time zone adjustments). • JJJ is the Ordinal date (day) of the year, with leading zeros • HHMM is the hours and minutes (24-hour format), in UTC, with leading zeros • LLLLLLLLEight-character station callsign identification, with used instead of  (such as the first eight letters of a cable headend's location, for WABC-FM, for a weather radio station programmed from Los Angeles, or for a Weatheradio Canada station). Each field of the header code is terminated by a dash character, including the station ID at the end; individual PSSCCC location numbers are also separated by dashes, with a plus () separating the last location from the purge time that follows it. ==Full message format==

An EAS message contains these elements, in this transmitted sequence: • Header • Attention signalSent if any message is included (normally sent with all messages except RWT on broadcast radio/TV); must be at least eight seconds long. (On weather radio in Canada the 1050 Hz tone is only used with three event codes: RMT, SVR & TOR) • Single audio tone used by NOAA Weather Radio. • Combined tones for broadcast radio/TV. • MessageAn audio message. The FCC permits encoded video or text in lieu of an audio message, but neither are implemented in practice. • Tail(Preamble) NNNN (EOM). There is one second of blank audio between each section, and before and after each message. For those used to packet communications systems where each packet has a checksum, note that there is no checksum used in the message format. The header and EOM are transmitted 3 times, and the receiver is obliged to implement columnar parity correction. The combined tones date back to 1976 when they were made part of the Emergency Broadcast System, the EAS' predecessor. ==Event codes==

There are roughly 80 different event codes that are used in EAS. These codes are defined federally by the FCC for use in the EAS system and publicly by the Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) standard for SAME protocol weather radio receiver decoder units. All but the first six of these used to be optional and could be programmed into encoder or decoder units at the request of the broadcaster. However, a July 12, 2007, memo by the FCC now requires mandatory participation in state and local level EAS by broadcasters. Furthermore, the creation and evolution of a voluntary standard by the CEA in December 2003 has provided participating manufacturers of weather radio receivers a single definitive reference to use when designing and programming receivers. In addition, some receiver manufacturers have added an additional layer as to whether or not an event code can be user-suppressed (e.g., a Hurricane Warning in a Midwest US State) or will never be allowed to be suppressed (e.g., Nuclear Power Plant Warning). The FCC established naming conventions for EAS event codes. The third letter of the code must be one of the following. The exceptions to this convention are "TOR" (tornado warning); "SVR" (severe thunderstorm warning); "EVI" (evacuation immediate); "EAN", "EAT", and "NIC" (the EAS national activation codes); and "ADR" (administrative messages). In use The following event codes have been implemented by agencies in the United States and/or Canada, and CIRES A.C. in Mexico. Internal use only Receiver decoders that comply with the CEA standard these messages as "Administrative Bulletins". The above events are only seen on NOAA Weather Radio if certain situations happen, such as a station losing power. In this case, the "TXB" or "Transmitter Backup On" code would be transmitted, following by beeping noises of multiple frequencies, finally followed by EOM tones. However, these tones are not typically transmitted over the air. Future implementation The following codes are part of the CEA standard for receiver decoders, but are not listed as being in use by any agencies in the United States. Environment Canada lists these codes, along with several others, as "for possible future implementation". None of these event codes are being implemented in Mexico, as Mexico's network is for seismic and volcanic alerts at this time. ==On weather radio receivers==

There are many weather/all-hazards radio receivers that are equipped with the SAME alert feature, which allows users to program SAME/FIPS/CLC codes for their designated area or areas of their interest and/or concern rather than the entire broadcast area. (For example, a person living in Irving, Texas, would program a FIPS code for Dallas County. However, if there is a need to know of severe weather from the west and northwest ahead of time, the user would program additional FIPS codes for Denton and Tarrant Counties.) On a more specialized receiver, a user has the option to eliminate any SAME alert codes that may not apply to their area such as a "Special Marine Warning" or a "Coastal Flood Warning". Once the SAME header is sent by NOAA/NWS and if it matches the desired code(s), the receivers then decode the event, scroll it on their display screens, and sound an alarm. Receivers receive on one of the following National Weather Service network frequencies (in MHz): 162.400, 162.425, 162.450, 162.475, 162.500, 162.525, and 162.550. The signals are typically receivable up to 40 miles (80 km) from the transmitters. ==In popular culture==

• The Iowa State Cyclones football sports program uses a SAME tone at the end of the pregame video before the football team takes the field. The SAME message is followed by the following narration: "This is a Cyclone Weather Alert! Ladies and Gentlemen, radar has indicated a strong storm approaching Jack Trice Stadium. High winds and low visibility are expected. ''[The opposing team's]'' fans in the area should seek immediate cover...." • The EOM (end of message) tone was heard in the movie trailer for Knowing and in the series Jericho in which its familiar emergency use and its increasing cadence create a sense of foreboding. • It was used in the movie trailers for Olympus Has Fallen and The Purge. The uses have since been heavily discouraged on air by the Federal Communications Commission (outside public service announcements demonstrating SAME and EAS technology), and stations and networks using them (for instance, TBS and WNKY in Bowling Green, Kentucky) in advertising or promotions have been fined for doing so. • The SAME tones can be briefly heard in the Impractical Jokers episode "Virtual Insanity". • SAME Tones are heard in the campaign of the popular video game Call of Duty: Modern Warfare 2, prior to the mission "Of Their Own Accord". Ironically, these tones are decoded down to an EAS Participant issuing a Required Weekly Test on Chicago's ABC affiliate WLS-TV. • In the 2020 video game Black Mesa, entire emergency messages with SAME tones can be heard on radios as the player progresses, each describing the game's events with increasing urgency. In January 2015, prior to the game's release on Steam as early access, a website was launched that played back one such message as a teaser. • SAME tones are used within a genre of videos on video sharing platform sites like YouTube known as "EAS scenarios," which depict fictional emergency situations through a series of fictional EAS broadcasts. The majority of SAME tones used within these videos are valid, though some creators choose to use customized tones (and on several occasions, a warning/disclaimer) to prevent unintentional activation of EAS equipment. • In Leave The World Behind, a conversation is interrupted with a SAME message suddenly emerging from the television, with it later revealing that an "Unrecognised Warning" ("??W") is being distributed over the network. • A higher-pitched set of SAME tones are heard at the start of the King of the Hill Season 8 episode "Après Hank, le Deluge". The episode also contains a reference to Houston's news/talk station KTRH. ==See also==