Human habitation in the region is thought to date to at least 4500 BCE, and was grounded in the
Mayo-Chinchipe cultural complex. In approximately 1548,
Spaniards made their first contact with the region's indigenous people. On October 4, 1549,
Hernando de Barahona, accompanied by
Alonso de Mercadillo and
Hernando de Benavente, founded the city of
Zamora de los Alcaides. Fifty years after their arrival, the Spanish were driven from the city by the
Shuar revolt. In 1850, the
Zamora de los Alcaides city ruins were discovered by a group of colonists. It cannot be established exactly when the first
white and
mixed race settlers arrived in the province, but the oldest verifiable data shows that in the late 1840s, the
Chinchipe River basin was already inhabited by people arriving from the Loja Province of modern Ecuador and Peru. The migration was also made from the Ecuadorian Province of Azuay to the
Yacuambi Canton, where the
Saraguros and mixed race people arrived. During the
Spanish Colonial period, several explorers surveyed the territory, such as the
French geographer and
mathematician Charles Marie de La Condamine in a 1743 expedition. In 1781, the Spanish made a second attempt at colonization in the area, lured by the exploitation of
gold deposits, but they found it impossible to dominate the natives. The current settlement known as
Zamora was not permanently reestablished by white and mixed race settlers until March 12, 1921, when the
Catholic church founded the
Apostolic Vicariate of Zamora, after many prior attempts at colonization, each repelled by the resistance of the Shuar people. In 1911, the Zamora
parish became cantonal head of the Zamora Canton of the
Provincia de Oriente. On December 15, 1920, the
Santiago-Zamora Province was created. It consisted of the Chinchipe,
Macas,
Morona and Zamora cantons. The Chinchipe and Zamora cantons were each constituted by three parishes. On January 5, 1921, the Yacuambi Canton was created for the Santiago-Zamora Province. On July 5, 1941, Ecuador was invaded by Peru, with part of the unpopulated territory of the province in contention. A
ceasefire was brokered between the
Foreign Ministers of Peru and Ecuador (with the participation of the
United States,
Brazil,
Chile, and
Argentina as "guarantors") capped with the signing of the
Rio Protocol. The treaty officially brought an end to the state of war which had existed between Ecuador and Peru, and left part of the Ecuadorian provinces of
El Oro, Loja, and Zamora-Chinchipe under Peruvian
occupation. After the 1941 war, forced migration of impoverished peasants and citizens to the province was accelerated by drought in Loja Province, resulting in colonization of many areas of the Zamora-Chinchipe territory which had been theretofore uninhabited. The creation of the Zamora-Chinchipe Province was a twelve-year process which was due, in large part, to the indefatigable efforts of one
Benjamin Carrión, a citizen of the Ecuadorian province of Loja, and, on November 10, 1953, Zamora-Chinchipe was designated an
autonomous province, being separated from the Santiago-Zamora Province by means of a legal term issued in the
Ecuadorian Official Registry No. 360. In 1981, the tensions with Peru were rekindled by a military confrontation over the
Cenepa River in the
Cordillera del Cóndor. The conflict was centered in the
Paquisha,
Mayaycu and
Manchinaza localities. By 1995 the conflict had reemerged, and in 1999 the signing of the
Peace Agreement between Ecuador and Peru settled the contours of Zamora-Chinchipe's borders with its southern neighbor. ==Demographics==