Australia 4-4-0 locomotive No. 151, here at
Murray Bridge in 1951, had the largest driving wheels on an Australian locomotive Australia's
first 4-4-0 locomotives were introduced by the
South Australian Railways in 1859. From that initial order for two locomotives, the numbers of this wheel arrangement multiplied and eventually appeared in most of the Australian colonies. Tender, tank and saddle tank versions, varying in size from small locomotives to express passenger racers with driving wheels, worked in
Victoria,
New South Wales,
Western Australia and
Tasmania on , and gauge. The locomotives originally came from British builders such as
Dübs & Company and
Beyer, Peacock & Company; however, from the late 1870s into the 1880s, railways also bought locomotives from American builders, mostly from Baldwin, and a few from the
Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works in
New Jersey. From the 1880s onward, local firms such as
James Martin & Co. in
Gawler, South Australia, and the
Phoenix Foundry in
Ballarat, Victoria would also build them. In New South Wales and Victoria, the 4-4-0 were predominant for mainline passenger services until the early 1900s. In Western Australia, some were later converted to a wheel arrangement.
Finland In Finland, the 4-4-0 was represented by the Classes A1, A2, A3, A4, A5, A6 and A7. • The Class A4 was a class of nine locomotives, built in 1872 and 1873 by the
Baldwin Locomotive Works for use on the
Hanko–Hyvinkää railway. • The
Finnish Steam Locomotive Class A5 was a class of only two locomotives, built in 1874 and 1875 by the
Finnish State Railroad's workshops in
Helsinki. One of them is preserved at the
Finnish Railway Museum.
Indonesia 's narrow gauge 3 ft 6 in (1,067 mm) 2-B two-cylinder compound saturated steam from
Hanomag The 4-4-0
two-cylinder compound tender locomotives began to set its step on
Java in 1900s. The
Staatsspoorwegen (SS) ordered 44 of these from 3 different manufacturers, they were from
Hanomag,
Sächsische Maschinenfabrik (Hartmann) and
Werkspoor and they were imported in 1900–1910. After they had already arrived in Java, they were classified as SS Class 600 with 1,503 mm driving wheels which way much bigger than any operational SS locomotives at the time and used as the main workhorse for express trains. The SS 600s could be found hauling local trains in
Tanah Abang–Rangkasbitung–Merak/Labuan,
Madiun–
Kertosono–Blitar and Babat–
Jombang lines. Some of them were also found in Maos–
Kroya–Kutoarjo and
Surabaya–
Pasuruan lines. Then, the SS sent their five SS 600s to
South Sumatra due to the increasing needs of railway transport in there. These locomotives were withdrawn from active service momentarily in 1929-1934 during the
Great Depression because of their cylinder compound technology which has a complicated mechanism system so the SS had to save its budget by preserving these locomotives, but they received extensive maintenance so they still could be used normally. During
Japanese occupation in 1942, all of private/state railway companies of the Dutch East Indies (now
Indonesia) were renumbered based on
Japanese numberings, without exception to SS Class 600s were renumbered to B51 and it still used after
Indonesian Independence with their
Djawatan Kereta Api (DKA) or Department of Railways of the Republic of Indonesia up to now. One unit of B51 was sent out again to
West Sumatra to serve coal train transport in Muaro–
Pekanbaru line till it closed in September, 1945. From 44 locomotives, only B51 12 (ex-SS 612) of
Hanomag is preserved. Previously, B51 12 was a yard shunter of
Bojonegoro railway station. The B51 12 was once a static display for more than 30 years at
Ambarawa Railway Museum, before finally fully restored in 2012 to haul the Ambarawa
excursion train for Ambarawa–Tuntang line beside the
Esslingen B25 02 and 03 which were used on
rack line between Jambu–Bedono.
Mozambique Between 1895 and 1898,
Pauling & Company placed 42
Falcon F2 and F4 4-4-0 tender locomotives in service on the
narrow gauge railway which was being constructed for the Beira Railway in
Mozambique. They were supplied in six batches by
Falcon Engine & Car Works in England and the
Glasgow Railway Engineering Company in Scotland. In service, these locomotives were nicknamed
Lawleys after the Beira Railway construction subcontractor. The construction of the last batch of ten F4 locomotives was subcontracted by Falcon to the Glasgow Railway Engineering Company in Scotland and these were consequently often referred to as the
Drummond F4. The Falcon F4 was larger and heavier than the earlier F2, with a tractive effort that was increased from the of the F2 to at 75% boiler pressure. It could haul up the ruling gradients, compared to the that the F2 could manage.
Cape gauge with optional tender Seven side-tank locomotives were built for the
Cape Government Railways (CGR) by
Robert Stephenson & Company in 1875. Since they were found to be fast and reliable engines, four more were delivered in 1880, built by
Neilson & Company and practically identical to the previous seven, but equipped with small optional four-wheeled water tenders. They were all designated
1st Class when a locomotive classification system was introduced by the CGR. In 1879, the Cape Government Railways placed four
1st Class tender locomotives in service, built by the
Avonside Engine Company. They were intended for fast passenger service on the Cape Western and Eastern systems and were followed by eleven more from Neilson & Company in 1880.
William Adams built a series of standard gauge
4-4-0T classes for the
North London Railway between 1863 and 1876. He went on to build the
LSWR 46 Class for the
London and South Western Railway in 1879. Other British 4-4-0T types included the
A Class of the
Metropolitan Railway, built by Beyer, Peacock & Company from 1864, and the
Highland Railway O Class of 1878 and
P class of 1893–94. Also in 1864,
John Lambie of the
Caledonian Railway built twelve Class 1 4-4-0T locomotives.
Inside cylinder tender locomotives c.1910 typical of the British inside frame/inside cylinder layout Between 1876 and 1903,
Samuel Johnson of the
Midland Railway built 350 inside cylinder tender locomotives to various designs, notably the
Midland Railway 483 Class. The type was particularly refined by
John F. McIntosh of the
Caledonian Railway with his
Dunalastair and
Breadalbane classes of 1896 to 1898. In addition,
Wilson Worsdell of the
North Eastern Railway designed six classes between 1896 and 1909. Other notable classes included the
London and South Western Railway’s
T9 class of 1899 and the
London and North Western Railway’s
Precursor Class of 1904.
United States No. 87, delivered on flatcars due to breaks-of-gauge Since the first locomotives in the United States were imported from the United Kingdom, the British was also adopted by the first United States railroads. When new locomotive construction began in the United States in 1831, some new railroads opted for a different gauge, resulting in
breaks-of-gauge as railroads began to be joined. Apart from freight reloading issues, another result was that new locomotives for some of these railroads had to be delivered on flatcars. The 4-4-0 played a major role in the development of rail transport in the United States. Some of the notable 4-4-0 locomotives that saw service on United States railroads are: on a
passenger train across
Kansas, c. 1895 No. 317, built in 1881. •
Philadelphia and Reading Railway Company No. 3, built in 1842 by Eastwick & Harrison in
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, is one of the oldest surviving locomotives of the 4-4-0-wheel arrangement, and the sole surviving 4-4-0 of the Reading Company. •
The General, built in 1855 by
Rogers, Ketchum & Grosvenor in
Paterson, New Jersey, was the fleeing locomotive during the
Great Locomotive Chase of the
American Civil War. •
The Texas, built in 1856 by
Danforth, Cooke & Company in Paterson, New Jersey, was the pursuing locomotive during much of the Great Locomotive Chase. • The
Jupiter,
Central Pacific Railroad’s No. 60, built by
Schenectady Locomotive Works of New York in September 1868, was one of the two locomotives to meet at
Promontory Summit during the
Golden Spike ceremony upon the completion of the
First American Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869. •
Union Pacific No. 119, built by
Rogers Locomotive & Machine Works of Paterson, New Jersey in 1868, was the other locomotive at Promontory Summit on May 10, 1869. • The
Virginia & Truckee Railroad’s
Dayton, built in 1873 by the
Central Pacific Railroad, had the honor of opening the branch line between
Carson City and
Minden in
Nevada in 1906. • The
New York Central and Hudson River Railroad No. 999, built in 1893 to haul the railroad's
Empire State Express, is believed to have been the first in the United States to travel at a speed of more than . •
Walt Disney World Railroad No. 4
Roy O. Disney, which was built in February 1916 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works as No. 66 (later No. 251 in the 1960s) for the
United Railways of Yucatán in Mexico. It now operates on the railroad circling the
Magic Kingdom in
Orlando, Florida. Since January 2024, this locomotive has been shipped to the Strasburg Rail Road for an extensive overhaul. By 1910, the 4-4-0 was considered obsolete being replaced by Mikados, Pacifics and other larger engines, although they continued to serve to an extent into the 1950s. The last 4-4-0 to be built was a diminutive Baldwin product for the Ferrocarriles Unidos de Yucatán in 1945. Fewer than forty 4-4-0s survive in preservation in the United States, reproductions excluded. Between 1959 and 1989, the
Crown Metal Products Company of Wyano, Pennsylvania built
live steam reproductions of classic 4-4-0 designs for use by
amusement parks. The largest of these, of which 18 were produced, ran on
narrow gauge track. Most are patterned after 19th-century American designs, but those produced for
Busch Gardens have European styling. Although Crown Metal Products ceased operations in 1989, many of their locomotives continue to see daily operation at parks such as
Kings Island,
Worlds of Fun, and the
Omaha Zoo Railroad at Omaha's
Henry Doorly Zoo & Aquarium. ==Operational historic locomotives==