Early history Following the
Jacobite rising of 1715 the British government did not have the resources or manpower to keep a standing army in the
Scottish Highlands. As a result, they were forced to keep order by recruiting men from local Highland clans that had been loyal to the
Whigs. This proved to be unsuccessful in deterring crime, especially cattle rustling. Therefore,
Independent Highland Companies (of what would be known as the "Black Watch") were raised as a militia in 1725 by General
George Wade to keep "watch" for crime. He was commissioned to build a network of roads to help in the task. The six Independent Highland Companies were recruited from local
clans, with one company coming from
Clan Munro, one from
Clan Fraser of Lovat, one from
Clan Grant and three from
Clan Campbell. These companies were commonly known as
Am Freiceadan Dubh, or the
Black Watch, this name may well have been due to the way they dressed. Four more companies were added in 1739 to make a total of ten Independent Highland Companies. The ten Independent Highland Companies of "Black Watch" were officially formed into the "43rd Highland Regiment of Foot", a
regiment of the line in 1739. It was first mustered in 1740, at
Aberfeldy, Scotland. The Colonel was
John Lindsay, 20th Earl of Crawford and the Lieutenant-Colonel was
Sir Robert Munro, 6th Baronet. Among the Captains were his next brother,
George Munro, 1st of Culcairn (also a Captain of an Independent Company raised in 1745) and their cousin
John Munro, 4th of Newmore, who was promoted Lieutenant-Colonel in 1745 (in place of Sir Robert who went on to command the
37th (North Hampshire) Regiment of Foot). The other Captains of the 43rd were George Grant, Colin Campbell of Monzie, James Colquhoun of Luss, John Campbell of Carrick, Collin Campbell of Balliemore and Dougal Campbell of Craignish.
First action and mutiny In March 1743, the regiment was assembled at
Perth in preparation for moving to London, then
Flanders to join British forces fighting in the
War of the Austrian Succession. Scottish officials, including the
Lord President of the Court of Session,
Duncan Forbes warned the government this was contrary to a general understanding their service was restricted to Scotland. Forbes also foresaw that if the regiment was withdrawn from its watching brief in the Highlands the French might, in conjunction with Jacobites, take the opportunity to sponsor an insurrection in the Highlands as a diversionary tactic in the war. Assured the move was only because
George II wanted to inspect them, they arrived in London in May and were then ordered to
Gravesend for shipment to Flanders. Anger at the deception, allied to rumours they were going to the
West Indies, a location notorious for high mortality rates, caused a mutiny; they set out for Scotland, led by Corporals Malcolm and Samuel MacPherson and Private Farquhar Shaw. They reached Ladywood on the outskirts of
Oundle, Northamptonshire on 22 May before being intercepted. The mutineers surrendered in hope of a free pardon but were marched back to London and incarcerated in the
Tower of London. The three leaders of the mutiny were subsequently court-martialed and executed by firing squad on 18 July 1743, at
Tower Green. Two hundred other members of the regiment were distributed variously to garrisons in Jamaica, Gibraltar and Menorca, with the remainder shipped to Flanders. The regiment's first full combat was the disastrous
Battle of Fontenoy in May 1745, where they surprised the
French with their ferocity, and greatly impressed their commander, the
Duke of Cumberland. Allowed "their own way of fighting", each time they received the French fire Colonel Sir Robert Munro ordered his men to "clap to the ground" while he himself, because of his corpulence, stood alone with the colours behind him. These three companies were disbanded in 1748. The rest of the regiment landed in England on 4 November and remained there in anticipation of a possible French invasion until after the rebellion ended. From early 1747 to the end of 1748, it was in Flanders but otherwise was stationed in
Ireland until 1756. In 1749, after
Oglethorpe's Regiment of Foot was disbanded and the Black Watch was re-numbered the 42nd and in 1751 formally titled the
42nd (Highland) Regiment of Foot. On the outbreak of the
Seven Years' War in 1756, it was sent to North America.
The Americas Between 1758 and 1767 the 42nd served in
America. During the
French and Indian War, at the first battle of Ticonderoga, also known as the
Battle of Carillon, the regiment lost over half of its men in the assault in July 1758. At that time they were already officially recognized as a Royal regiment. The second battalion of the Black Watch was sent to the
Caribbean but after the losses of Ticonderoga, the two battalions were consolidated in
New York. The regiment was present at the
second battle of Ticonderoga in July 1759 and the
surrender of Montreal in September 1760. They were sent to the West Indies again where they saw action at
Havana,
Martinique and
Guadeloupe. The regiment went to
Cork,
Ireland in 1767 and returned to Scotland in 1775. and saw combat at the
Battle of Harlem Heights in September 1776, the
Battle of Fort Washington in November 1776 and the
Battle of Piscataway in February 1777. It also fought at the
Battle of Brandywine (light infantry and grenadier companies only) in September 1777, the
Battle of Germantown (Light Company only) in October 1777 and the
Battle of Monmouth in June 1778 as well as the
siege of Charleston in spring 1780. In September 1778 a detachment from the regiment raided
Fairhaven, Massachusetts, inflicting severe damage on the town's shipping industry. with eight officers from the 1st Battalion being detached to help raise the new battalion. The 2nd battalion was sent to
India in January 1781 and took part in the
siege of Mangalore in autumn 1783 during the
Second Anglo-Mysore War. It was still in India when it was redesignated in 1786 as the
73rd (Highland) Regiment of Foot. Following the end of the war in America, the 1st Battalion were posted to
Nova Scotia in 1783, serving there until 1786 when they moved north to
Cape Breton Island. The regiment returned to England in 1789. Landing at
Portsmouth, they marched to
Tynemouth in
Northumberland and in the spring of 1790 marched on to
Glasgow, before taking up residence at
Edinburgh Castle in November 1790.
French Revolutionary Wars , which the regiment fought in On 8 March 1801, The 42nd took part in the British victory at the
Battle of Abukir. At 9 am the troops beached their craft under a rainstorm of a French cannonade and musket fire from 2,500 French troops positioned on the high dunes. The British troops disembarked, formed a line, fixed bayonets and advanced, undaunted by French fire. With General Moore leading the landing force, the 42nd, located in the landing force's centre, struggled up the steep soft sandy ground. The French appeared at the summit and poured a destructive musket volley at the advancing soldiers. The lead troops of the 42nd reached the summit before the French could reload and launched a bayonet charge, hurling them back in confusion. The French counter attacked with a squadron of cavalry before a second bayonet charge by the 42nd caused them to flee. The British losses were 102 all ranks killed and 515 wounded; of these the 42nd Highlanders had 31 killed. The commanding officer, Lt Colonel James Stewart, 6 officers, 7 sergeants, 4 Drummers, and 140 rank and file were wounded. James Stewart had been wounded along with a few soldiers as the boats came into shore. The leadership by the company commanders and subsequent success against an enemy force of double the British numbers was noteworthy. The Battle of Aboukir allowed a bridgehead to be created as a prelude to the
Battle of Alexandria thirteen days later on the 21st March 1801. The 42nd was commanded by Lt Colonel Alexander Stewart after the wounding of Lt Col James Stewart at Aboukir. During the Battle Major Stirling captured a
standard from the French which he handed to Sergeant Sinclair who was later wounded and subsequently the standard was lost. They went on to
besiege Cairo and
then Alexandria in which the French forces were expelled from Egypt. At the
Battle of Corunna in January 1809 it was a soldier of the 42nd Highlanders who carried the mortally wounded General
Sir John Moore to cover, and six more who carried him to the rear, but only after he had witnessed the victory in which the stout defence of the Black Watch played a major part. Moore's army was evacuated from Spain and the 1st Battalion of the 42nd Highlanders went with them. before falling back to the
Lines of Torres Vedras. The 2nd battalion fought with great distinction at the
Battle of Fuentes de Oñoro in May 1811, and the bloody
siege of Badajoz in March 1812 The 1st battalion returned to the Peninsula in time to fight in the
Battle of Salamanca in July 1812, and the
Battle of Vitoria in June 1813. the
Battle of Nivelle in November 1813 and the
Battle of the Nive in December 1813 and the
Battle of Toulouse in April 1814. under Lieutenant-colonel Sir
Robert Macara, who was killed by French
lancers. The 42nd was one of four battalions mentioned by
Wellington in dispatches after the battle. Two days later at the
Battle of Waterloo, the 42nd and also the
2nd/73rd Highlanders, which was later to become the new 2nd Battalion, Black Watch, were both in some of the most intense fighting in the battle. The 1st Battalion arrived in Bermuda on 15 April, 1847. The
Vengeance and
Deliverance then delivered the
20th (East Devonshire) Regiment of Foot from Bermuda to
Halifax, Nova Scotia. The 2nd Battalion (or
Reserve Battalion) under Lieutenant-Colonel MacDougall departed Malta aboard the
Deliverance on the 16 March, 1847, and arrived at Bermuda on 24 of April, after stopping at
Gibraltar for water. The convicts transported to Bermuda included many Irishmen, including participants in the ill-fated
Young Irelander Rebellion of 1848 and Nationalist journalist and politician
John Mitchel. Conditions for the convicts were harsh, and discipline was draconian. In April 1830, convict James Ryan was shot and killed during rioting of convicts on Ireland Island. Another five convicts were given death sentences for their parts in the riots, with those of the youngest three being commuted to transportation for life. In 1849, convict James Cronin, on the hulk at Ireland Island, was placed in solitary confinement from the 25th to the 29th for fighting. On release, and being returned to work, he refused to be cross-ironed. He ran onto the breakwater, brandishing a poker threateningly. For this, he was ordered to receive punishment (presumably flogging) on Tuesday, 3 July 1849, with the other convicts aboard the hulk assembled behind a rail to witness. When ordered to strip, he hesitated. Thomas Cronin, his older brother, addressed him and, while brandishing a knife, rushed forward to the separating rail. He called out to the other prisoners in Gaelic and many joined him in attempting to free the prisoner and attack the officers. The officers opened fire. Two men were killed and twelve wounded. Punishment of James Cronin was then carried out. Three hundred men of the 42nd Regiment of Foot, in barracks on Ireland Island, responded to the scene under arms. The 42nd Regiment was stationed in Bermuda at a time when the military infrastructure, as well as the naval, was undergoing development and expansion. The regiment provided working parties to clear ground in
Devonshire Parish for the development of what was to become
Prospect Camp and to dig a well near to the
Government House on Mount Langton in
Pembroke Parish during a drought in 1849. The well has been known since as
Black Watch Well. In the 1930s, a pass was cut through the ridgeline from Black Watch Well, on the North Shore Road, to Marsh Folly Road, and it took its name,
Black Watch Pass, from the adjacent well. The regiment formed part of the
Highland Brigade at the
Battle of Alma in September 1854 and the
siege of Sevastapol in winter 1854 during the
Crimean War; it also formed part of that brigade at the
siege of Cawnpore in June 1857 and the
siege of Lucknow in autumn 1857 during the
Indian Rebellion. As part of the
Cardwell Reforms of the 1870s, where single-battalion regiments were linked together to share a single depot and recruiting district in the United Kingdom, the 40th was linked with the
79th Regiment of Foot (Cameronian Volunteers), and assigned to district no. 57 at
Queen's Barracks in
Perth. On 1 July 1881 the
Childers Reforms came into effect and the regiment amalgamated with the
73rd (Perthshire) Regiment of Foot to form the
Black Watch (Royal Highlanders). ==Popular culture==