Formation and early years The predecessor companies of Air France date back to
Compagnie générale transaérienne (CGT), established in 1909, which flew the world's first scheduled passenger-carrying
fixed-wing flights within France in 1913. Air France was formed on 30 August 1933 as a merger of five existing airlines:
Compagnie Générale Aéropostale, which was founded in 1918 as Société des lignes Latécoère and, in some sources, the earliest lineage of Air France is stated to be 1918;
Société Générale des Transports Aériens (SGTA), which was founded in 1919;
Compagnie Internationale de Navigation Aérienne (CIDNA), which was founded in 1920;
Air Union, which was founded in 1923 and formed from the merger of Compagnie des Messageries Aériennes (CMA), which absorbed CGT, and
Grands Express Aériens; and
Air Orient, which was founded in 1929. SGTA was the first commercial passenger airline company in France; founded as Lignes Aériennes Farman in 1919, it began a weekly service between Paris and Brussels on 22 March 1919, the world's first international commercial aviation service. Société des lignes Latécoère began
airmail services in 1924. These airlines built extensive networks across Europe, to
French colonies in North Africa and farther afield prior to their merger into Air France in 1933. Air France Operated their Boeing 737-300s in 1991 until 2003. In December 31, 2003 Air France Retires Their Boeing 737-300s. In 1936, Air France added French-built twin engine
Potez 62 aircraft to its fleet featuring a two-compartment cabin that could accommodate 14 to 16 passengers. A high-wing monoplane, it had a wooden fuselage with composite coating while the wings were fabric-covered with a metal leading edge. Equipped with Hispano-Suiza V-engines, they were used on routes in Europe, South America and the Far East. Although cruising at only , the Potez 62 was a robust and reliable workhorse for Air France and remained in service until the
Second World War with one used by the
Free French Air Force. twin-engine aircraftDuring World War II, Air France moved its operations to
Casablanca, Morocco. On 26 June 1945, all of France's
air transport companies were
nationalised. On 29 December 1945, a decree of the
French Government granted Air France the management of the entire French air transport network. Air France appointed its first
flight attendants in 1946. The same year the airline opened its first air terminal at
Les Invalides in central Paris. It was linked to
Paris Le Bourget Airport, Air France's first operations and engineering base, by coach. At that time the network covered 160,000 km, claimed to be the longest in the world. Société Nationale Air France was set up on 1 January 1946. European schedules were initially operated by a fleet of
Douglas DC-3 aircraft. On 1 July 1946, Air France started direct flights between Paris and New York via refuelling stops at
Shannon and
Gander.
Douglas DC-4 piston-engine
airliners covered the route in just under 20 hours. In 1946 and 1948, respectively, the French government authorised the creation of two private airlines:
Transports Aériens Internationaux – later
Transports Aériens Intercontinentaux – (TAI) and SATI. In 1949, the latter became part of
Union Aéromaritime de Transport (UAT), a private French international airline.
Compagnie Nationale Air France was created by
act of parliament on 16 June 1948. Initially, the government held 70%. In subsequent years, the
French state's direct and indirect shareholdings reached almost 100%. In mid 2002, the state held 54%. On 4 August 1948,
Max Hymans was appointed the president. During his 13-year
tenure he would implement modernisation practices centred on the introduction of
jet aircraft. In 1949, the company became a co-founder of
Société Internationale de Télécommunications Aéronautiques (SITA), an airline telecommunications services company. In 1974, Air France began shifting the bulk of operations to the new Charles de Gaulle Airport north of Paris. By the early 1980s, only
Corsica, Martinique,
Guadeloupe, most services to
French Guiana, Réunion, the
Maghreb region, Eastern Europe (except the
USSR), Southern Europe (except
Greece and Italy), and one daily service to New York (JFK) remained at Orly. In 1974, Air France also became the world's first operator of the
Airbus A300 twin-engine
widebody plane,
Airbus Industrie's first commercial airliner for which it was a launch customer.
Concorde service and rivalry at
Charles de Gaulle Airport in 2003 On 21 January 1976, Air France operated its inaugural
supersonic transport (SST) service on the Paris (Charles de Gaulle) to
Rio (via
Dakar) route with
Anglo-French BAC-Aérospatiale Concorde F-BVFA. Supersonic services from Paris (CDG) to
Washington Dulles International Airport began on 24 May 1976, also with F-BVFA. Service to
New York (JFK) – the only remaining Concorde service until its end – commenced on 22 November 1977. Paris to New York was flown in 3 hours 23 minutes, at about twice the
speed of sound. Approval for flights to the United States was initially withheld due to noise protests. Eventually, services to
Mexico City via Washington, D.C., were started. Air France became one of only two airlines –
British Airways being the other – to regularly operate supersonic services, and continued daily transatlantic Concorde service until late May 2003. By 1983, Air France's
golden jubilee, the workforce numbered more than 34,000, its fleet about 100
jet aircraft (including 33
Boeing 747s) and its 634,400 km network served 150 destinations in 73 countries. This made Air France the fourth-largest scheduled passenger airline in the world, as well as the second-largest scheduled freight carrier. In 1983, Air France began passenger flights to
South Korea, being the first European airline to do so. In 1986, the government relaxed its policy of dividing traffic rights for scheduled services between Air France, Air Inter and UTA, without route overlaps between them. The decision opened some of Air France's most lucrative routes on which it had enjoyed a government-sanctioned monopoly since 1963 and which were within its exclusive sphere of influence, to rival airlines, notably UTA. The changes enabled UTA to launch scheduled services to new destinations within Air France's sphere, in competition with that airline. Paris-San Francisco became the first route UTA served in competition with Air France non-stop from Paris. Air France responded by extending some non-stop Paris-Los Angeles services to
Papeete, Tahiti, which competed with UTA on Los Angeles-Papeete. UTA's ability to secure traffic rights outside its traditional sphere in competition with Air France was the result of a campaign to
lobby the government to enable it to grow faster, becoming more dynamic and more
profitable. This infuriated Air France. In 1987, Air France together with
Lufthansa,
Iberia and
SAS founded
Amadeus, an IT company (also known as a
GDS) that would enable travel agencies to sell the founders and other airlines' products from a single system. In 1988, Air France was a launch customer for the
fly-by-wire (FBW) Airbus A320 narrow-body twin, along with Air Inter and
British Caledonian. It became the first airline to take delivery of the
A320 in March 1988, and along with Air Inter, became the first airlines to introduce A320 service on short-haul routes.
Acquisitions and privatisation On 12 January 1990, the operations of government-owned Air France, semi-public Air Inter and wholly private
Union de Transports Aériens (UTA) were merged into an enlarged Air France. On 25 July 1994, a new holding company, Groupe Air France, was set up by decree. Groupe Air France became operational on 1 September 1994. It acquired the Air France group's majority shareholdings in Air France and Air Inter (subsequently renamed Air Inter Europe). On 31 August 1994,
Stephen Wolf, a former
United Airlines CEO, was appointed adviser to the Air France group's chairman
Christian Blanc. Wolf was credited with the introduction of Air France's
hub and spoke operation at Paris Charles de Gaulle. Wolf resigned in 1996 to take over as CEO at
US Airways. In 1997, Air Inter Europe was absorbed into Air France. On 19 February 1999, French Prime Minister
Lionel Jospin's
Plural Left government approved Air France's partial
privatisation. Its
shares were listed on the Paris
stock exchange on 22 February 1999. In June 1999, Air France and
Delta Air Lines formed a bilateral
transatlantic partnership. On 22 June 2000, this expanded into the
SkyTeam global
airline alliance. As of March 2007, the group employed 102,422 personnel. The new transatlantic joint venture marks the Air France-KLM Group's second major expansion in the London market, following the launch of
CityJet-operated short-haul services from
London City Airport that have been aimed at business travellers in the
City's
financial services industry.
2010s On 12 January 2012, Air France-KLM announced a three-year transformation plan, called Transform 2015, to restore profitability. The plan was to restore competitiveness through cost-cutting, restructuring the short- and medium-haul operations and rapidly reducing debt. The main objective of this plan was to turn Air France-KLM back into a world player by 2015. Air France had been losing 700 million euros a year. As the financial results of 2011 demonstrated, the long-haul operations, also subject to increasing competition, would not be able to offset these losses. On 22 February 2012, Air France released its plan for the summer schedule. Because of the uncertain economic environment, Air France-KLM set a limit of 1.4% maximum increase in capacity from 25 March 2012 to 28 October 2012. On 21 June 2012, Air France-KLM had announced its decision to cut just under 10% of the total 53,000 workforce (about 5,000 jobs) by the end of 2013 in an attempt to restore profitability. The airline expected to lose 1,700 jobs through natural turnover and the rest by voluntary redundancies. As of August 2012, the Transform 2015 plan was accepted by ground staff and pilot unions but rejected by cabin crew unions. At the beginning of July 2012, it was announced that Air France-KLM found partners for the new African start-up airline Air France, which was co-founded by six countries in Central Africa to replace the former
Air Afrique. But several problems and two partners, who decided to back out, delayed the implementation of the project. Following its launch, Air France announced it would commence operations in 2013. In September 2013, Air France introduced a brand new Economy product along with an improved Premium Economy seat and service. It is expected that the new improvements would be fitted on aircraft from June 2014 onwards. In October 2013, Air France-KLM announced it was writing off the 25% stake in Alitalia, as it was hesitant the struggling carrier would obtain the 300 million euros in financing. The group has denied Alitalia of additional funds as it is currently struggling to restructure itself to profitability with the Transform 2015 plan. In December 2013, Air France announced that Cityjet no longer meets the short haul needs of the group and is in the process of closing a deal with German firm Intro Aviation by the end of Q1 of 2014. In 2014, the airline was targeted by a negative publicity campaign, spearheaded by
PETA, for being the only major airline that permits the transport of primates for research. In 2022, the airline announced it would stop transporting nonhuman primates. On 4 February 2014, the new business product was unveiled, featuring a fully flat bed from Zodiac Aerospace. The seat was fitted on Boeing 777 aircraft from June 2014 onwards. In September 2014, Air France announced it would sell a 3 per cent stake in travel technology company
Amadeus IT Group for $438 million. Late in 2015, Air France faced a financial crisis, which was exacerbated by a pilot's strike against the airline. The airline answered the strike by announcing it would cut some 2,900 jobs. In December 2015, Air France announced the retirement of its last
Boeing 747-400 with a special scenic flight on 14 January 2016. The airline operated the 747 in several variants since 1970. In January 2017, Air France received its first Boeing 787–9. In November, CityJet no longer operated on Air France flights and the affected destinations were served by Air France and HOP! from then on. In July 2017, Air France-KLM entered into a multi-airline strategic partnership with
Delta Air Lines,
China Eastern Airlines and
Virgin Atlantic, solidifying the existing ties between the carriers. Under the agreement Delta and China Eastern would each buy 10% of Air France-KLM, while Air France-KLM would buy 31% of Virgin Atlantic. In December 2019, the purchase of Virgin Atlantic was cancelled. Air France announced it would terminate services to Iran from September 2018, explaining the concern that the route to Iran is no longer commercially viable due to the redefined
US sanctions. In December 2018,
Anne Rigail was appointed as Executive Director of the company. == Corporate affairs and identity ==