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Brazilian Americans

Brazilian Americans are Americans who are of full or partial Brazilian ancestry. The Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimates the Brazilian American population to be 1,775,000, the largest of any Brazilian diaspora. The largest wave of Brazilian migration to the United States occurred in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a response to hyperinflation in Brazil. Even after inflation stabilized in 1994, Brazilian immigration continued as Brazilians left in search of higher wages in the United States.

Population and classification
In 2020, the Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated the number of Brazilian Americans to be 1,775,000, 0.53% of the US population at the time. This discrepancy can be attributed to the American Community Survey reporting on ancestry, not nationality, since many Brazilians, by national origin, are not ancestrally- or ethnically (native)-Brazilian; families with varying degrees of native ancestry and mixed bloodlines (mestiços) are not uncommon, though. Despite Portugal being a part of the Iberian Peninsula, and the Portuguese language being considered a romance language and a Latin-based language, like Spanish (as well as the country's significant role in the history of Spain), Brazilians are not considered a "Hispanic" ethnic group, largely due to Brazil's colonial history as a Lusophone (Portuguese-speaking) nation and not a Hispanophone, or Spanish-speaking, one. As such, their populations may or may not accept the term "Latino", let alone "Hispanic". This notion was reflected in the 1980 United States census, where only 18% of Brazilian Americans considered themselves "Hispanic". In 1976, the U.S. Congress passed the Hispanic-American Voting Rights Act which mandated the collection and analysis of data on Hispanic Americans. The legislation describes Hispanic Americans as being "Americans who identify themselves as being of Spanish-speaking background and trace their origin or descent from Cuba, Central America, Mexico, Puerto Rico and South America, and other Spanish-speaking countries." This includes 20 Spanish-speaking nations from Latin America, as well as European Spain, but not Portugal or Brazil. Whether or not Brazilians are Latino is controversial among Brazilian Americans. Some attribute this to the large cultural and linguistic divide between Spanish-speaking Latin America and Portuguese-speaking Brazil. Other U.S. government agencies, such as the Small Business Administration and the Department of Transportation, specifically include Brazilians within their definition of Latino for purposes of awarding minority preferences by defining Latino Americans to include persons of South American ancestry or persons who have Portuguese cultural roots. == History ==
History
People from Brazil (from historical João Pessoa and Recife, under Dutch control in Northeast Brazil - Paraíba and Pernambuco states) are recorded among the Refugees and Settlers that arrived in New Netherland in what is now New York City in the 17th century among the Dutch West India Company settlers. The first arrivals of Brazilian emigres were formally recorded in the 1940s. Previously, Brazilians were not identified separately from other South Americans. Of approximately 234,761 South American emigres arrived in the United States between 1820 and 1960, at least some of them were Brazilian. The 1960 United States census report recorded 27,885 Americans of Brazilian ancestry. From 1960 until the mid-1980s, between 1,500 and 2,300 Brazilian immigrants arrived in the United States each year. During the mid-1980s, economic crisis struck Brazil. As a result, between 1986 and 1990 approximately 1.4 million Brazilians emigrated to other parts of the world. It was not until this time that Brazilian emigration reached significant levels. Thus, between 1987 and 1991, an estimated 20,800 Brazilians arrived in the United States. A significant number of them, 8,133 Brazilians, arrived in 1991. The 1990 U.S. Census Bureau recorded that there are about 60,000 Brazilians living in the United States. However, other sources indicate that there are nearly 100,000 Brazilians living in the New York City metropolitan area (including Northern New Jersey) alone, in addition to sizable Brazilian communities in Atlanta, Boston, Framingham, Philadelphia, Washington, D.C., Los Angeles, Miami, Orlando, and Houston. Before the 1960s there was insignificant movement from Brazil to the United States. It was between the 1960s through 1980s that some Brazilians went to the United States as tourists to visit places such as Disney World, New York and other tourist destinations. Brazilians traveled during that time because the country was growing at an average 7% annually and projecting 4% annual increase in GDP per capita. After the 1980s, the peak of the economic cycle quickly dropped to a long lasting trough. World Bank data shows that the Brazilian GDP dipped to 1287.6 (USD per capita) at its lowest point in 1985. This economic strife was a major factor pushing Brazilians to move elsewhere. The Brazilian Federal Police reported that in the 1980s about 1.25 million people (1% of the population) emigrated to countries such as the U.S. This was the first time Brazilians emigrated in significant numbers. They wanted to stay in the States until the crisis was over. They also had some work connections and known opportunities in the East Coast, which increased facilitated the move. In 1980, there were 41,000 Brazilians and 82,000 by 1990. Neoclassical Economics Theory explains the beginning flow of migration in 1980 indicating that individuals were rational actors who looked for better opportunities away from home to improve his/her lifestyle. Since the crisis hit the Brazilian middle class hard, many chose to leave to optimize their income, find better jobs, and more stable social conditions by doing marginal benefit analysis. There was another wave of emigration in 2002 where Brazilian Ministry of Foreign Affairs estimated that 1.96 million Brazilians had left again as the country continued to lack economic stability. Legal migrants who had entered the U.S. brought their immediate relatives resulting in an increase of the Brazilian immigrant population. == Lawful Permanent Resident Status ==
Lawful Permanent Resident Status
Brazilians obtained the highest number of lawful permanent residence status between 2000 and 2009 and many were eligible to naturalize. During that time, 115,404 Brazilians received permanent status and from 2010 through 2016, already 80,741 persons had received theirs. Still, it seems as if many received status, but if you compare to the total foreign born Brazilian population, the numbers are small. In 2010 the Brazilian foreign born population was 340,000 and only 12,057 (or 4% of) persons obtained legal status. Of the 336,000 foreign born Brazilians in 2014, only 10,246 (or 3%) received permanent status in the same year. Even though few people are obtaining permanent status, there was a noticeable spike previously mentioned between 2000 and 2009. The increase in acceptance was due to two main factors: the 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act and economic and political turmoil in Brazil. The top three classes of admissions for Brazilians obtaining lawful permanent status in the U.S. in 2016 was family-sponsored, employment, and immediate relatives of U.S. citizens. Each category of admissions makes up of 4%, 25%, and 68% respectively of the total individuals. == Socioeconomics ==
Socioeconomics
Education The 2000 U.S. census showed that 34.5 percent of Brazilians in the U.S. had completed four or more years of college. There's a difference between female and male attainment. While 34.7% of men obtained a bachelor's degree or higher, 45.2% of women obtained one. while the corresponding number for the general U.S. population is only 24.4 percent. However, although effectively many Brazilian immigrants in the United States are university educated, most of these immigrants fail to get well-qualified jobs and have to get lower-status jobs because the United States doesn't recognize their qualifications and also because many of them do not speak English. Some Brazilians reside in the United States with the fear of deportation and discrimination against them, however as some Brazilians are racially white or can pass off as white who are proficient in English live in the United States with their concerns becoming smaller and smaller. They tend to self-identify as racially white to avoid certain Hispanic/Latino communities in hopes of not drawing certain attention towards themselves. Healthcare Studies that took place in Newark, New Jersey revealed before the COVID-19 pandemic that many Brazilian-Americans had underlying conditions such as uncontrolled hypertension and obesity, but only 8% had health insurance. Programs such as the CDC's REACH (Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health) initiative have sought to confront these disparities by focusing on community education, outreach, and improving access to preventive care and nutritious food. Doing so will reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases like obesity and hypertension in underserved populations, including Brazilian Americans. However, systemic barriers persist, Immigrant communities such as Brazilian Americans, are negatively impacted by inadequate public health infrastructure and the lack of culturally acceptable care. Language differences and unfamiliarity with the healthcare system exacerbate these issues, often deterring individuals from seeking necessary care. Improving equity in the healthcare system will require expanded community-based healthcare services, and bilingual healthcare professionals. == Culture ==
Culture
Religion Although the majority of Brazilian Americans are Roman Catholic, there also significant numbers of Protestants (Mainline, Evangelical, Pentecostalism, Non-denominational Protestantism etc.), LDS, Orthodox, Irreligious people (including atheists and agnostics), followed by minorities such as Spiritists, Buddhists, Jews and Muslims. As with wider Brazilian culture, there is set of beliefs related through syncretism that might be described as part of a SpiritualismAnimism continuum, that includes: Spiritism (or Kardecism, a form of spiritualism that originated in France, often confused with other beliefs also called , distinguished from them by the term ), Umbanda (a syncretic religion mixing African animist beliefs and rituals with Catholicism, Spiritism, and indigenous lore), Candomblé (a syncretic religion that originated in the Brazilian state of Bahia and that combines African animist beliefs with elements of Catholicism), == Demographics ==
Demographics
Brazilians began immigrating to the United States in large and increasing numbers in the 1980s as a result of worsening economic conditions in Brazil at that time. Boston (63,930), and Miami (43,930). U.S. states with the largest Brazilian-American populations University of Arizona professor Elaine Rubinstein-Avila notes that Brazilian American newspapers are thriving in Massachusetts communities. The Brazilian Times publishes 36,000 copies per week. Brazilian American communities at the Global Green USA 2010 Pre-Oscar Party in Hollywood, California • New York City is a leading point of entry for Brazilians entering the United States. West 46th Street between Fifth and Sixth Avenues in Manhattan has been designated Little Brazil, and has historically been a commercial center for Brazilians living in or visiting New York City. Another NYC neighborhood home to many Brazilian Americans is located in Astoria, Queens. • Newark, New Jersey is home to many Brazilian and Portuguese-Americans, most prominently in the city's Ironbound district. • Massachusetts, particularly the Boston metropolitan area, Somerville has the highest number of Brazilians of any municipality in Massachusetts. Large populations also exist in Everett, Barnstable, Lowell, Marlborough, Hudson, Malden, Shrewsbury, Worcester, Milford, Fitchburg, Leominster, Falmouth, Revere, Edgartown, Peabody, Lancaster, Dennisport, Chelsea, Lawrence, Vineyard Haven, Oak Bluffs, Millbury, and Leicester. • Florida's large Brazilian community is mostly centered around the southeastern corridor, particularly the islands and northeastern section of Miami-Dade County (North Bay Village, Bay Harbor Islands, Miami Beach, Surfside, Key Biscayne, Aventura, and Sunny Isles Beach) with the exception of Doral. In Broward County, the population is centered on the northeastern part as well (Deerfield Beach, Pompano Beach, Oakland Park, Coconut Creek, Lighthouse Point, and Sea Ranch Lakes), with some living also in Palm Beach County (Boca Raton). There are also many Brazilians living in Orange County and Osceola County, particularly in the cities of Orlando and Kissimmee. There is also a growing Brazilian American population on the southside of Jacksonville. • Philadelphia, Pennsylvania has a vibrant Brazilian community, mostly settling in the Northeast section of the city, in communities such as Oxford Circle, Summerdale, Frankford, Juniata Park, Lawndale, Fox Chase, and Rhawnhurst. Many of the Brazilian residents started to come to Philadelphia during the early 2000s, opening restaurants, boutiques, supermarkets, and other stores along Bustleton, Castor, and Cottman Avenues. • Smaller, but highly concentrated Brazilian communities reside in Riverside, Delran, Cinnaminson, Palmyra, Delanco, Beverly, Edgewater Park, and Burlington, all within New Jersey. • Los Angeles, California's Brazilian residents have tended to settle, if not form distinct ethnic enclaves in, the county's southern beach cities (Venice, Los Angeles; and suburbs of Lawndale; Long Beach; Manhattan Beach; and Redondo Beach) and Westside neighborhoods near and south of the 10 (Palms, Los Angeles; Rancho Park, Los Angeles; and West Los Angeles; and the suburb of Culver City). The city's greatest concentration of Brazilian American businesses began appearing in the late 1980s along Venice Boulevard's north border between Culver City and Palms (between Overland Avenue and Sepulveda Avenue). • Chicago, Illinois' Brazilian population began with the migration of Portuguese Sephardi Jews who had fled to Brazil during the World War II era. After World War II, many Sephardim successfully circumvented restrictive U.S. immigration laws, to join the large and largely Ashkenazi population in the Chicago area. However, it was not until the 1970s, did a visible Brazilian community begin to develop in Chicago. The Flyers Soccer Club was founded by a group of young men who desired to bring Brazilian soccer culture to the Chicago area. The Flyers Soccer Club eventually transformed into a multifaceted community organization called the Luso-Brazilian Club. The group was headquartered in Chicago's Lakeview neighborhood. The group declined in the late 1980s. As Brazilians emigrated to the United States in large numbers in the 1980s and 1990s, Chicago's Brazilian population remained comparatively small, numbering no more than several thousand people by 2000. The FIFA World Cups have attracted the attention of Chicago's Brazilian population through the years, leading to the development of some Brazilian soccer-interested gatherings in the area. The top U.S. states by Brazilian ancestry population The top U.S. counties by Brazilian immigrant population The national total being 433,500 persons estimated from the American Community Survey for 2015 - 2019 via the Migration Policy Institute website 1) Middlesex County, Massachusetts—34,300 2) Broward County, Florida ------------------- 24,700 3) Miami-Dade County, Florida ------------- 17,100 4) Orange County, Florida -------------------- 15,800 5) Palm Beach County, Florida ------------- 12,500 6) Los Angeles County, California -------- 11,900 7) Fairfield County, Connecticut ----------- 11,900 8) Essex County, New Jersey --------------- 10,100 9) Worcester County, Massachusetts --- 9,700 10) Suffolk County, Massachusetts ------ 7,500 11) San Diego County, California ----------- 6,100 12) Manhattan Borough, New York -------- 6,000 13) Montgomery County, Maryland -------- 5,700 14) Essex County, Massachusetts --------- 5,600 15) Queens Borough, New York ------------- 5,200 16) Norfolk County, Massachusetts ------ 5,200 17) Harris County, Texas ------------------------ 5,100 18) Westchester County, New York -------- 4,600 19) Cobb County, Georgia ---------------------- 4,600 20) Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania—4,500 21) Union County, New Jersey --------------- 4,400 22) King County, Washington ----------------- 4,100 23) Monmouth County, New Jersey ------- 3,900 24) Plymouth County, Massachusetts --- 3,800 25) Orange County, California ---------------- 3,800 26) Cook County, Illinois ------------------------ 3,800 27) Duval County, Florida ------------------------ 3,750 28) Contra Costa County, California ------- 3,600 29) Barnstable County, Massachusetts --- 3,600 U.S. communities with high percentages of people of Brazilian ancestry in 2009, actress, director and producer|alt= According to ePodunk, a website, the top 50 U.S. communities with the highest percentages of people claiming Brazilian ancestry are: • North Bay Village, Florida 6.00% • Riverside, New Jersey 5.00% • Danbury, Connecticut 4.90% • Harrison, New Jersey 4.80% • Framingham, Massachusetts 4.80% • Somerville, Massachusetts 4.50% • Kearny, New Jersey 3.70% • Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts 3.60% • Deerfield Beach, Florida 3.50% • Everett, Massachusetts 3.20% • Marlborough, Massachusetts 3.10% • Long Branch, New Jersey 2.80% • Edgartown, Massachusetts 2.70% • Newark, New Jersey 2.50% • Doral, Florida 2.50% • Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts 2.50% • Miami Beach, Florida 2.20% • Hillside, New Jersey 2.20% • Hudson, Massachusetts 2.20% • Oakland Park, Florida 2.10% • South River, New Jersey 2.10% • Cliffside Park, New Jersey2.10% • Tisbury, Massachusetts 2.10% • Fairview, New Jersey 2.00% • Aventura, Florida 1.90% • Lauramie, Indiana 1.80% • Revere, Massachusetts 1.70% • Malden, Massachusetts 1.70% • Sea Ranch Lakes, Florida 1.70% • Surfside, Florida 1.60% • Barnstable, Massachusetts 1.60% • Lowell, Massachusetts 1.60% • Ojus, Florida 1.60% • Washington, Ohio 1.60% • Naugatuck, Connecticut 1.60% • Milford, Massachusetts 1.50% • Dennis Port, Massachusetts 1.50% • Keene, Texas 1.50% • Key Biscayne, Florida 1.50% • Mount Vernon, New York 1.50% • Avondale Estates, Georgia 1.50% • Sunny Isles Beach, Florida 1.50% • Riverside, New Jersey 1.40% • Trenton, Florida 1.40% • South Lancaster, Massachusetts 1.30% • Great River, New York 1.30% • Port Chester, New York 1.30% • Coconut Creek, Florida 1.20% • Belle Isle, Florida 1.20% • Big Pine Key, Florida 1.20% • Chelsea, Massachusetts 1.20% U.S. communities with the most residents born in Brazil performing in St. Louis, MO According to the social networking and information website City-Data, the top 25 U.S. communities with the highest percentage of residents born in Brazil are: • Loch Lomond, Florida 15.8% • Bonnie Loch-Woodsetter North, Florida 7.2% • North Bay Village, Florida 7.1% • East Newark, New Jersey 6.7% • Framingham, Massachusetts 6.6% • Harrison, New Jersey 5.8% • Danbury, Connecticut 5.6% • Somerville, Massachusetts 5.4% • Sunshine Ranches, Florida 5.1% • Flying Hills, Pennsylvania 5.1% • Deerfield Beach, Florida 4.7% • Fox River, Alaska 4.5% • Edgartown, Massachusetts 4.4% • West Yarmouth, Massachusetts 4.4% • Marlborough, Massachusetts 4.4% • Kearny, New Jersey 4.4% • Doral, Florida 4.1% • Everett, Massachusetts 4.0% • Long Branch, New Jersey 3.7% • Vineyard Haven, Massachusetts 3.4% • Hudson, Massachusetts 3.2% • Miami Beach, Florida 3.1% • Oak Bluffs, Massachusetts 3.0% • Oakland Park, Florida 3.0% • Pompano Beach Highlands, Florida 3.0% Some City-Data information contradicts official government data from the Census Bureau. It is important to be mindful that Brazilian Americans sometimes decline to identify as Latino. Therefore, the above estimates may outnumber the census data figures for Latinos for the above census areas. == Relations with Brazil ==
Relations with Brazil
Voting Brazilian Americans and Brazilians abroad heavily favored the opposition's Aecio Neves and his pro-business center to center-right Brazilian Social Democracy Party in Brazil's 2014 general election. Aecio Neves and the Brazilian Social Democracy Party, or PSDB, were narrowly defeated in the 2014 runoff. Brazilian Americans represent a large source of remittances to Brazil. Brazil receives approximately one quarter of its remittances from the U.S. (26% in 2012), out of a total amount of $4.9 billion received in 2012. ==Notable people==
Notable people
ArtsAlice Braga, actress • Andrew Matarazzo, actor • Barbie Ferreira, actress • Bebel Gilberto, singer • Bill Handel, radio personality • Blondfire, pop music band • Bruna Dantas Lobato, writer • Bruno Campos, actor • Camila Mendes, actress • Camilla Belle, actress • Carlinhos Pandeiro de Ouro, percussionist • Fabrizio Moretti, musician • Gabriella Burnham, writer • Marcelo Coelho, designer • Gustavo Assis-Brasil, musician, composer, author • Jair Oliveira, singer, musician, musical producer and songwriter • Jared Gomes, rapper and vocalist from Hed PE • Joe Penna, writer and director • Jordana Brewster, actress • Julia Goldani Telles, actress • Kiko Loureiro, musician, Megadeth and Angra • Linda Perry, musical producer and songwriter • Maiara Walsh, actress • Max Cavalera, musician • Mônica da Silva, singer, songwriter • Morena Baccarin, actress • Sergio Rossetti Morosini, sculptor, painter, author • Naza, visual artist • Rudy Mancuso, comedian and Internet personality • Raw Leiba, actor, producer, director • Sky Ferreira, singer, songwriter, model, and actress • Sunspot, Marvel Comics character • Yara Flor, DC Comics character • Fire, DC Comics character • Gisele Bündchen, model • Adriana Lima, model SportsPele, soccer player • Amen Santo, Capoeira master. • Anderson Silva, mixed martial artist • Benny Feilhaber (born 1985), soccer player • Bo Bichette, baseball player and MLB all-starBob Burnquist, professional skateboarder • Catarina Macario, soccer player • Cairo Santos, Chicago Bears placekicker. • Douglas Lima, mixed martial artist • Dhiego Lima, mixed martial artist • Gil de Ferran (1967–2023), race car driver and team owner • Isadora Williams, figure skater • Johnny Cardoso, soccer player • José Leonardo Ribeiro da Silva, soccer player • Louise Lieberman (born 1977), soccer coach and former player • Mackenzie Dern, mixed martial artist • Nenê Hilário, basketball player • Pietro Fittipaldi, Formula One driver • Rafael dos Anjos, mixed martial artist • Rafael Araujo-Lopes, American football player • Ryan Hollweg, hockey player • Scott Machado, basketball player • Sergio Menezes, footvolley athlete and founder of pro tour • Tay Conti, Professional Wrestler • Tim Soares (born 1997), basketball player • Vic Seixas (born 1923), Hall of Fame former top-10 tennis player • Vicente Luque, mixed martial artist • Yan Gomes, former baseball player, MLB all-star and championWanderlei Silva, mixed martial artist AcademicsAna Maria Carvalho, PhD., professor of linguistics at the Department of Spanish and Portuguese, University of ArizonaLin Chao, PhD., professor of ecology at the University of California, San DiegoFlavia Colgan, political strategist • Duília de Mello, PhD., ordinary professor of Physics and Astronomy and Vice Provost for Global Strategies at Catholic University of America. • Marcelo Gleiser, PhD., physicist and astronomer. Appleton Professor of Natural Philosophy and Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Dartmouth CollegeBen Goertzel, PhD., former professor of Computer Sciences at the University of New Mexico, researcher of artificial intelligence, visiting faculty at Xiamen UniversityMiguel Nicolelis, M.D., Ph.D., Duke School of Medicine Distinguished Professor of Neuroscience, Duke University Professor of Neurobiology, Biomedical Engineering and Psychology and Neuroscience, and founder of Duke's Center for Neuroengineering. • Roberto Mangabeira Unger, LL.M., S.J.D., Roscoe Pound Professor of Law at the Harvard Law School (Harvard University) BusinessDavid Neeleman, businessman, founder of JetBlue and Azul Brazilian AirlinesEduardo Saverin, Facebook co-founder; renounced his U.S. citizenship in 2011 PoliticsGisele Barreto Fetterman, former Second Lady of Pennsylvania and wife of U.S. Senator John FettermanGeorge Santos, former U.S. Representative from New York's 3rd congressional district ==See also==
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