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Antonio Canova

Antonio Canova was an Italian Neoclassical sculptor, famous for his marble sculptures. Often regarded as the greatest of the Neoclassical artists, his sculpture was inspired by the Baroque and the classical revival, and has been characterised as having avoided the melodramatics of the former, and the cold artificiality of the latter.

Life
Possagno , The Child Canova Modeling a Lion Out of Butter, c. 1885 In 1757, Antonio Canova was born in the Venetian Republic city of Possagno to Pietro Canova, a stonecutter, and Angela Zardo Fantolin. In 1761, his father died. A year later, his mother remarried. In 1762, he was put into the care of his paternal grandfather Pasino Canova, who was a stonemason, owner of a quarry, Indeed, at the age of nine, he executed two small shrines of Carrara marble that are still extant. After these works, he appears to have been constantly employed under his grandfather. The statues were begun in 1775, and both were completed by 1777. The pieces exemplify the late Rococo style. On the year of their completion, both works were exhibited for the Feast of the Ascension in Piazza San Marco. Canova was paid 100 gold zecchini for the completed work. With such an intention, there is suggestion that Daedalus is a portrait of Canova's grandfather Pasino. Zulian played a fundamental role in Canova's rise to fame, turning some rooms of his palace into a studio for the artist and placing his trust in him despite Canova's early critics in Rome. The highly regarded work is now in the collection of the Victoria & Albert Museum, in London. In 1790, he began to work on a funerary monument for Titian, which was eventually abandoned by 1795. In 1797, he went to Vienna, He became so successful that he had acquired patrons from across Europe including France, England, Russia, Austria and Holland, as well as several members from different royal lineages, and prominent individuals. It was completed in 1806. In 1811, the statue arrived in Paris, but not installed; neither was its bronze copy in the Foro Napoleonico in Milan. The work was not intended for public viewing. In 1808 Canova became an associated member of the Royal Institute of Sciences, Literature and Fine Arts of the Kingdom of Holland. In 1814, he began his The Three Graces. Also in 1815, he visited London, and met with Benjamin Haydon. It was after the advice of Canova that the Elgin Marbles were acquired by the British Museum, with plaster copies sent to Florence, according to Canova's request. After his 1814 proposal to build a personified statue of Religion for St. Peter's Basilica was rejected, Canova sought to build his own temple to house it. As recommended by Thomas Jefferson, the sculptor used the marble bust of Washington by Giuseppe Ceracchi as a model. It was delivered on 24 December 1821. The statue and the North Carolina State House where it was displayed were later destroyed by fire in 1831. A plaster replica was sent by King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy in 1910, now on view at the North Carolina Museum of History. A marble copy was sculpted by Romano Vio in 1970, now on view in the rotunda of the capitol building. In 1822, he journeyed to Naples, to superintend the construction of wax moulds for an equestrian statue of Ferdinand VII. The adventure was disastrous to his health, but soon became healthy enough to return to Rome. From there, he voyaged to Venice; however, on 13 October 1822, he died there at the age of 64. As he never married, the name became extinct, except through his stepbrothers' lineage of Satori-Canova. On 12 October 1822, Canova instructed his brother to use his entire estate to complete the Tempio in Possagno. On 25 October 1822, his body was placed in the Tempio Canoviano. His heart was interred at the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari in Venice, and his right hand preserved in a vase at the Accademia di Belle Arti di Venezia. His memorial service was so grand that it rivaled the ceremony that the city of Florence held for Michelangelo in 1564. In 1826, Giovanni Battista Sartori sold Canova's Roman studio and took every plaster model and sculpture to Possagno, where they were installed in the gypsotheque of the Tempio Canoviano. ==Works==
Works
Among Canova's most notable works are: ''Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss'' (1787) '' ''Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss'' was commissioned in 1787 by Colonel John Campbell. It is regarded as a masterpiece of Neoclassical sculpture, but shows the mythological lovers at a moment of great emotion, characteristic of the emerging movement of Romanticism. It represents the god Cupid in the height of love and tenderness, immediately after awakening the lifeless Psyche with a kiss. Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker (1802–1806) Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker had its inception after Canova was hired to make a bust of Napoleon in 1802. The statue was begun in 1802, with Napoleon requesting to be shown in a French General's uniform, Canova rejected this, insisting on an allusion to Mars, the Roman god of War. It depicts the Greek hero Perseus after his victory over the Gorgon Medusa. The statue was based freely on the Apollo Belvedere and the Medusa Rondanini. Napoleon, after his 1796 Italian Campaign, took the Apollo Belvedere to Paris. In the statue's absence, Pope Pius VII acquired Canova's Perseus Triumphant and placed the work upon the Apollo's pedestal. The statue was so successful that when the Apollo was returned, Perseus remained as a companion piece. One replica of the statue was commissioned from Canova by the Polish countess Waleria Tarnowska; it's now displayed in the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. Karl Ludwig Fernow said of the statue that "every eye must rest with pleasure on the beautiful surface, even when the mind finds its hopes of high and pure enjoyment disappointed." He had previously visited Canova in his studio in Rome in 1814 and had been immensely impressed by a carving of the Graces the sculptor had made for the Empress Joséphine. When the Empress died in May of the same year he immediately offered to purchase the completed piece, but was unsuccessful as Josephine's son Eugène de Beauharnais claimed it (his son Maximilian, Duke of Leuchtenberg brought it to St. Petersburg, where it can now be found in the Hermitage Museum). Undeterred, the Duke commissioned another version for himself. The sculpting process began in 1814 and was completed in 1817. Finally in 1819 it was installed at the Duke's residence in Woburn Abbey. Canova even made the trip over to England to supervise its installation, choosing for it to be displayed on a pedestal adapted from a marble plinth with a rotating top. This version is now owned jointly by the Victoria and Albert Museum and the National Galleries of Scotland, and is alternately displayed at each. ==Artistic process==
Artistic process
Canova had a distinct, signature style in which he combined Greek and Roman art practices with early stirrings of romanticism to delve into a new path of Neoclassicism. Canova's sculptures fall into three categories: Heroic compositions, compositions of grace, and sepulchral monuments. These workers would leave a thin veil over the entire statue so Canova's could focus on the surface of the statue. While he worked, he had people read to him select literary and historical texts. Last touch During the last quarter of the eighteenth century, it became fashionable to view art galleries at night by torchlight. Canova was an artist that leapt on the fad and displayed his works of art in his studio by candlelight. As such, Canova would begin to finalize the statue with special tools by candlelight, to soften the transitions between the various parts of the nude. After a little recarving, he began to rub the statue down with pumice stone, sometimes for periods longer than weeks or months. If that was not enough, he would use tripoli (rottenstone) and lead. He then applied a now unknown chemical-composition of patina onto the flesh of the figure to lighten the skin tone. Importantly, his friends also denied any usage of acids in his process. ==Criticisms==
Criticisms
Conversations revolving around the justification of art as superfluous usually invoked the name of Canova. Karl Ludwig Fernow believed that Canova was not Kantian enough in his aesthetic, because emphasis seemed to have been placed on agreeableness rather than Beauty. Canova was faulted for creating works that were artificial in complexity. ==Legacy==
Legacy
Although the Romantic period artists buried Canova's name soon after he died, he is slowly being rediscovered. He was introduced into various orders of chivalry. ==Literary inspirations==
Literary inspirations
Two of Canova's works appear as engravings in ''Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1834, with poetical illustrations by Letitia Elizabeth Landon. These are of The Dancing Girl and Hebe''. CommemorationsCanova, South Dakota • Via Antonio Canova, in TrevisoAeroporto di Treviso A. Canova • The Museo Canova in Possagno • Tempio Canoviano, in Possagno ==Gallery==
Gallery
Antonio Canova from the studio if Canova c.1813.jpg|Antonio Canova from the studio of Canova, c. 1813 Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU02.JPG|''Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss'', 1787–1793, Louvre Amor-Psyche-Canova-JBU04.JPG|''Psyche Revived by Cupid's Kiss'', 1787–1793, Louvre (detail) Venus Italica by Canova.jpg|Antonio Canova, Detail of Venus Italica, 1804–1812, Galleria Palatina, Florence Antonio Canova Teseo defeats the centaur.jpg|Theseus Fighting the Centaur (1804–1819), Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna Antonio canova, danzatrice, ermitage, 01.JPG|Dancer, 1811–1812, The State Hermitage Museum Canova-Three Graces 0 degree view.jpg|The Three Graces, 1814–1817, Hermitage Venus Italica MET DP108444.jpg|Venus Italica, c. 1822–23, Metropolitan Museum of Art Terpsichore by Antonio Canova.jpg|Terpsichore Lyran (Muse of Lyric Poetry) Perseus Canova Pio-Clementino Inv969.jpg|Perseus Triumphant, Vatican Canova, maddalena penitente, 02.JPG|The Penitent Magdalene, Palazzo Doria-Tursi, Genoa Napoleon-Canova-London JBU01.jpg|Napoleon as Mars the Peacemaker, Apsley House, London Paolina Borghese (Canova).jpg|Pauline Bonaparte as Venus Victrix, now at the Galleria Borghese Florence, Santa Croce, Antonio Canova, tomb of Vittorio Alfieri, 1810.jpg|Monumental tomb of Vittorio Alfieri, Santa Croce, Florence, 1810 Tomb Monument of Pius VI Gregorovius.jpg|Monument to Pius VI Tomb of Pope Clement XIII Gregorovius.jpg|Tomb of Clement XIII Tomb of Pope Clement XIV Gregorovius.jpg|Tomb of Pope Clement XIV Frith, Francis (1822-1898) - n. 2340 - Tomb of Marie Christine by Canova - Vienna.jpg|Cenotaph to Maria Christina of Austria in the Augustinerkirche Antonio Canova Cenotaph of Archduchess Maria Christina Augustinerkirche (Wien) panoramic sculpture Austria 2014 photo Paolo Villa August FOTO8412 - FOTO8425auto.jpg|Panorama of Cenotaph to Maria Christina of Austria Basilica di Santa Maria dei Frari interno - Monumento di Canova.jpg|Monument to Canova in the Basilica di Santa Maria Gloriosa dei Frari, designed by Canova as a mausoleum for the painter Titian Italy, Antonio Canova Medal by Putinati.jpg|Antonio Canova medal by Putinati (Venice) Maschera funebre di Antonio Canova - Gesso - Museo Correr.jpg |Antonio Canova's funeral mask, Museo Correr == Notes ==
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